Amino-substituted 3-heteroaroylamino-propionic acid derivatives and their use as pharmaceuticals

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to compounds of the formula I, 
                         
wherein A, D, E, G, R 10 , R 11 , R 30 , R 40 , R 50  and R 60  have the meanings indicated in the claims, which are valuable pharmaceutical active compounds. They are inhibitors of the protease cathepsin A, and are useful for the treatment of diseases such as atherosclerosis, heart failure, renal diseases, liver diseases or inflammatory diseases, for example. The invention furthermore relates to processes for the preparation of the compounds of the formula I, their use and pharmaceutical compositions comprising them.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/486,952 filed on May 17, 2011.

The present invention relates to compounds of the formula I,

wherein A, D, E, G, R¹⁰, R¹¹, R³⁰, R⁴⁰, R⁵⁰ and R⁶⁰ have the meanings indicated below, which are valuable pharmaceutical active compounds. They are inhibitors of the protease cathepsin A, and are useful for the treatment of diseases such as atherosclerosis, heart failure, renal diseases, liver diseases or inflammatory diseases, for example. The invention furthermore relates to processes for the preparation of the compounds of the formula I, their use and pharmaceutical compositions comprising them.

Cathepsin A (EC=3.4. 16.5; gene symbol CTSA) is a protease also known as lysosomal carboxypeptidase A or protective protein. It belongs to a family of serine carboxypeptidases which contains only two other mammalian representatives, retinoid-inducible serine carboxypeptidase and vitellogenic carboxypeptidase-like protein. Within the cell cathepsin A resides in lysosomes where it forms a high molecular weight complex with beta-galactosidase and neuraminidase. The interaction of cathepsin A with these glycosidases is essential for their correct routing to the lysosome and protects them from intralysosomal proteolysis. A deficiency of cathepsin A resulting from various mutations in the ctsa gene leads to a secondary deficiency of beta-galactosidase and neuraminidase that is manifest as the autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disorder galactosialidosis (cf. A. d'Azzo et al., in “The Metabolic and Molecular Bases of Inherited Disease”, vol. 2 (1995), 2835-2837). The majority of identified mutations in ctsa are missense mutations affecting the folding or the stability of the protein. None of them was shown to occur in the active site of the enzyme (G. Rudenko et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95 (1998), 621-625). Accordingly, the lysosomal storage disorder can be corrected with catalytically inactive cathepsin A mutants (N. J. Galjart et al., J. Biol. Chem. 266 (1991), 14754-14762). The structural function of cathepsin A is therefore separable from its catalytic activity. This is also underscored by the observation that in contrast to mice deficient in the ctsa gene, mice carrying a catalytically inactivating mutation in the ctsa gene do not develop signs of the human disease galactosialidosis (R. J. Rottier et al., Hum. Mol. Genet. 7 (1998), 1787-1794; V. Seyrantepe et al., Circulation 117 (2008), 1973-1981).

Cathepsin A displays carboxypeptidase activity at acidic pH and deamidase and esterase activities at neutral pH against various naturally occurring bioactive peptides. In vitro studies have indicated that cathepsin A converts angiotensin I to angiotensin 1-9 and bradykinin to bradykinin 1-8, which is the ligand for the bradykinin B1 receptor. It hydrolyzes endothelin-1, neurokinin and oxytocin, and deamidates substance P (cf. M. Hiraiwa, Cell. Mol. Life. Sci. 56 (1999), 894-907). High cathepsin A activity has been detected in urine, suggesting that it is responsible for tubular bradykinin degradation (M. Saito et al., Int. J. Tiss. Reac. 17 (1995), 181-190). However, the enzyme can also be released from platelets and lymphocytes and is expressed in antigen-presenting cells where it might be involved in antigen processing (W. L. Hanna et al., J. Immunol. 153 (1994), 4663-4672; H. Ostrowska, Thromb. Res. 86 (1997), 393-404; M. Reich et al., Immunol. Lett. (online Nov. 30, 2009)). Immunohistochemistry of human organs revealed prominent expression in renal tubular cells, bronchial epithelial cells, Leydig's cells of the testis and large neurons of the brain (O. Sohma et al., Pediatr. Neurol. 20 (1999), 210-214). It is upregulated during differentiation of monocytes to macrophages (N. M. Stamatos et al., FEBS J. 272 (2005), 2545-2556). Apart from structural and enzymatic functions, cathepsin A has been shown to associate with neuraminidase and an alternatively spliced beta-galactosidase to form the cell-surface laminin and elastin receptor complex expressed on fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells, chondroblasts, leukocytes and certain cancer cell types (A. Hinek, Biol. Chem. 377 (1996), 471-480).

The importance of cathepsin A for the regulation of local bradykinin levels has been demonstrated in animal models of hypertension. Pharmacological inhibition of cathepsin A activity increased renal bradykinin levels and prevented the development of salt-induced hypertension (H. Ito et al., Br. J. Pharmacol. 126 (1999), 613-620). This could also be achieved by antisense oligonucleotides suppressing the expression of cathepsin A (I. Hajashi et al., Br. J. Pharmacol. 131 (2000), 820-826). Besides in hypertension, beneficial effects of bradykinin have been demonstrated in various further cardiovascular diseases and other diseases (cf. J. Chao et al., Biol. Chem. 387 (2006), 665-75; P. Madeddu et al., Nat. Clin. Pract. Nephrol. 3 (2007), 208-221). Key indications of cathepsin A inhibitors therefore include atherosclerosis, heart failure, cardiac infarction, cardiac hypertrophy, vascular hypertrophy, left ventricular dysfunction, in particular left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction, renal diseases such as renal fibrosis, renal failure and kidney insufficiency; liver diseases such as liver fibrosis and liver cirrhosis, diabetes complications such as nephropathy, as well as organ protection of organs such as the heart and the kidney.

As indicated above, cathepsin A inhibitors can prevent the generation of the bradykinin B1 receptor ligand bradykinin 1-8 (M. Saito et al., Int. J. Tiss. Reac. 17 (1995), 181-190). This offers the opportunity to use cathepsin A inhibitors for the treatment of pain, in particular neuropathic pain, and inflammation, as has been shown for bradykinin B1 receptor antagonists (cf. F. Marceau et al., Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 3 (2004), 845-852). Cathepsin A inhibitors can further be used as anti-platelet agents as has been demonstrated for the cathepsin A inhibitor ebelactone B, a propiolactone derivative, which suppresses platelet aggregation in hypertensive animals (H. Ostrowska et al., J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 45 (2005), 348-353).

Further, like other serine proteases such as prostasin, elastase or matriptase, cathepsin A can stimulate the amiloride-sensitive epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) and is thereby involved in the regulation of fluid volumes across epithelial membranes (cf. C. Planes et al., Curr. Top. Dev. Biol. 78 (2007), 23-46). Thus, respiratory diseases can be ameliorated by the use of cathepsin A inhibitors, such as cystic fibrosis, chronic bronchitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, respiratory tract infections and lung carcinoma. Cathepsin A modulation in the kidney could be used to promote diuresis and thereby induce a hypotensive effect.

Besides for the above-mentioned compound ebelactone B, an inhibitory effect on cathepsin A has been found for certain dipeptidic phenylalanine derivatives which are described in JP 2005/145839. There is a need for further compounds which inhibit cathepsin A and offer an opportunity for the treatment of the mentioned diseases and further diseases in which cathepsin A plays a role. The present invention satisfies this need by providing the oxygen-substituted 3-heteroaroylamino-propionic acid derivatives of the formula I defined below.

Certain compounds in which a 3-heteroaroylamino-propionic acid moiety can be present, have already been described. For example, in WO 2006/076202 amine derivatives, which modulate the activity of steroid nuclear receptors, are described which carry on the nitrogen atom of the amine function a heteroaroyl group and a further group which is defined very broadly. In US 2004/0072802 broadly-defined beta-amino acid derivatives are described which carry an acyl group on the beta-amino group and are inhibitors of matrix metalloproteases and/or tumor necrosis factor. In WO 2009/080226 and WO 2009/080227, which relate to antagonists of the platelet ADP receptor P2Y12 and inhibit platelet aggregation, pyrazoloylamino-substituted carboxylic acid derivatives are described which, however, additionally carry a carboxylic acid derivative group on the carbon atom carrying the pyrazoloylamino group. Other pyrazoloylamino-substituted compounds, in which the nitrogen atom of the amino group is connected to a ring system and which are inhibitors of the blood clotting enzymes factor Xa and/or factor VIIa, are described in WO 2004/056815.

A subject of the present invention is a compound of the formula I, in any of its stereoisomeric forms or a mixture of stereoisomeric forms in any ratio, or a physiologically acceptable salt thereof, or a physiologically acceptable solvate of any of them,

wherein A is chosen from the series consisting of C(R¹) and N; D is chosen from the series consisting of N(R²), O and S; E is chosen from the series consisting of C(R³) and N; G is chosen from the series consisting of R⁷¹—O—C(O)—, R⁷²—N(R⁷³)—C(O)—, NC— and tetrazol-5-yl; R¹ is chosen from the series consisting of hydrogen, halogen, (C₁-C₆)-alkyl, Ar, HO—, (C₁-C₆)-alkyl-O—, (C₁-C₆)-alkyl-S(O)_(m)— and NC—; R² is chosen from the series consisting of (C₁-C₇)-alkyl, (C₃-C₇)-cycloalkyl-C_(s)H_(2s)— and Ar—C_(s)H_(2s)—, wherein s is an integer chosen from the series consisting of 0, 1, 2 and 3; or R² and R¹¹ together are —C(R¹⁸)═C(R¹⁹)—; R³ is chosen from the series consisting of hydrogen, halogen, (C₁-C₆)-alkyl, (C₁-C₆)-alkyl-(O), (C₁-C₆)-alkyl-S(O)_(m)— and NC—; R¹⁰ is chosen from the series consisting of R¹¹, R¹²—N(R¹³)—C(O)— and Het²-C(O)—, R¹⁴—C(O)— and (C₁-C₄)-alkyl-S(O)_(m)—, R¹¹ is chosen from the series consisting of hydrogen, R¹⁴, (C₃-C₇)-cycloalkyl, Ar and Het³; or R¹⁰ and R¹¹ form Het²; R¹² and R¹³ are independently of each other chosen from the series consisting of hydrogen, R¹⁵ and Ar; R¹⁴ is (C₁-C₁₀)-alkyl which is optionally substituted by one or more identical or different substituents chosen from the series consisting of halogen, HO—, R¹⁶—O—, R¹⁷—O—, oxo, (C₃-C₇)-cycloalkyl, Ar, Het¹, Het³, NC—, H₂N—C(O)—, (C₁-C₄)-alkyl-NH—C(O)—, di((C₁-C₄)-alkyl)N—C(O)—, Het¹-C(O)—, (C₁-C₄)-alkyl-C(O)—NH— and (C₁-C₄)-alkyl-S(O)_(m)—; R¹⁵ is (C₁-C₆)-alkyl which is optionally substituted by one or more identical or different substituents chosen from the series consisting halogen, HO— and (C₁-C₆)-alkyl-O—; R¹⁶ is (C₁-C₆)-alkyl which is optionally substituted by one or more identical or different substituents chosen from the series consisting of HO—, (C₁-C₄)-alkyl-O— and NC—; R¹⁷ is (C₃-C₇)-cycloalkyl-C_(u)H_(2u)— which is optionally substituted by one or more identical or different substituents chosen from the series consisting halogen, (C₁-C₆)-alkyl, HO— and (C₁-C₆)-alkyl-O—, wherein u is an integer chosen from the series consisting of 0, 1, 2 and 3; R¹⁸ is chosen from the series of hydrogen, halogen, (C₁-C₆)-alkyl, HO— and (C₁-C₆)-alkyl-O—; R¹⁹ is chosen from the series of hydrogen, halogen, (C₁-C₆)-alkyl, HO— and (C₁-C₆)-alkyl-O—; or R¹⁸ and R¹⁹ together are chosen from the series of —(CH₂)—(CH₂)—(CH₂)—, —(CH₂)—(CH₂)—(CH₂)—(CH₂)—, —(CH₂)—(CH)═(CH)— and —(CH)═(CH)—(CH)═(CH)—; R³⁰ is chosen from the series consisting of R³¹, (C₃-C₇)-cycloalkyl, R³²—C_(u)H_(2u)— and Het³-C_(u)H_(2u)—, wherein u is an integer chosen from the series consisting of 0, 1, 2 and 3; R³¹ is (C₁-C₁₀)-alkyl which is optionally substituted by one or more identical or different substituents chosen from the series consisting of halogen, (C₃-C₇)-cycloalkyl, HO—, (C₁-C₆)-alkyl-O—, (C₁-C₆)-alkyl-S(O)_(m)— and NC—; R³² is chosen from the series consisting of phenyl and an aromatic 5-membered or 6-membered monocyclic heterocycle which comprises one, two or three identical or different ring heteroatoms chosen from the series consisting of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur and is bonded via a ring carbon atom, wherein the phenyl and the heterocycle all are optionally substituted by one or more identical or different substituents chosen from the series consisting of halogen, (C₁-C₆)-alkyl, (C₃-C₇)-cycloalkyl, R³³, HO—, (C₁-C₆)-alkyl-O—, R³³—O—, R³³—(C₁-C₄)-alkyl-O—, —O—CH₂—O—, —O—CF₂—O—, (C₁-C₆)-alkyl-S(O)_(m)—, H₂N—S(O)₂—, (C₁-C₄)-alkyl-NH—S(O)₂—, di((C₁-C₄)-alkyl)N—S(O)₂—, H₂N—, (C₁-C₆)-alkyl-NH—, di((C₁-C₆)-alkyl)N—, Het¹, (C₁-C₄)-alkyl-C(O)—NH—, Ar—C(O)—NH—, (C₁-C₄)-alkyl-S(O)₂—NH— and NC—; R³³ is chosen from the series consisting of phenyl and an aromatic 5-membered or 6-membered monocyclic heterocycle which comprises one, two or three identical or different ring heteroatoms chosen from the series consisting of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur and is bonded via a ring carbon atom, wherein the phenyl and the heterocycle all are optionally substituted by one or more identical or different substituents chosen from the series consisting of halogen, (C₁-C₆)-alkyl, (C₃-C₇)-cycloalkyl, HO—, (C₁-C₆)-alkyl-O—, (C₁-C₆)-alkyl-S(O)_(m)—, H₂N—S(O)₂—, (C₁-C₄)-alkyl-NH—S(O)₂—, di((C₁-C₄)-alkyl)N—S(O)₂— and NC—; R⁴⁰ is chosen from the series consisting of hydrogen and (C₁-C₄)-alkyl; or R³⁰ and R⁴⁰ together are (CH₂)_(x) which is optionally substituted by one or more identical or different (C₁-C₄)-alkyl substituents, wherein x is an integer chosen from the series consisting of 2, 3, 4 and 5; R⁵⁰ is chosen from the series consisting of hydrogen, (C₁-C₆)-alkyl, HO— and (C₁-C₆)-alkyl-O—; R⁶⁰ is chosen from the series consisting of hydrogen and (C₁-C₆)-alkyl; or R⁵⁰ and R⁶⁰ together are (CH₂)_(y) which is optionally substituted by one or more identical or different (C₁-C₄)-alkyl substituents, wherein y is an integer chosen from the series consisting of 2, 3, 4 and 5; or R³⁰ and R⁵⁰ together are (CH₂)_(z) which is optionally substituted by one or more identical or different (C₁-C₄)-alkyl substituents, wherein z is an integer chosen from the series consisting of 2, 3, 4 and 5; R⁷¹ is chosen from the series consisting of hydrogen and (C₁-C₈)-alkyl which is optionally substituted by one or more identical or different substituents chosen from the series consisting (C₁-C₆)-alkyl-O— and (C₁-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)—O—; R⁷² is chosen from the series consisting of hydrogen, (C₁-C₆)-alkyl, (C₃-C₆)-cycloalkyl, —CH₂—(CH₂)_(b)—(C₃-C₆)-cycloalkyl, Het⁴ and —(CH₂)_(b)-Het⁴, where alkyl or cycloalkyl is optionally substituted by one or more identical or different substituents chosen from the series consisting of halogen, HO—, HOOC—, (C₁-C₆)-alkyl-O— and (C₁-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)—O—, NC—, N((C₁-C₄)-alkyl)₂ and b is 0, 1 or 2; R⁷³ is chosen from the series consisting of hydrogen, (C₁-C₆)-alkyl; or R⁷² and R⁷³ together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bonded form a saturated 4-membered to 7-membered monocyclic heterocycle, which contain optionally one further ring heteroatom chosen from the series consisting of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur, which is optionally substituted by one or more identical or different substituents chosen from the series consisting of halogen, (C₁-C₄)-alkyl, HO— and (C₁-C₄)-alkyl-O—;

Ar, independently of each other group Ar, is chosen from the series consisting of phenyl and an aromatic 5-membered or 6-membered monocyclic heterocycle which comprises one, two or three identical or different ring heteroatoms chosen from the series consisting of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur and is bonded via a ring carbon atom, wherein the phenyl and the heterocycle all are optionally substituted by one or more identical or different substituents chosen from the series consisting of halogen, (C₁-C₆)-alkyl, (C₁-C₆)-alkyl-O—, —O—CH₂—O—, —O—CF₂—O—, (C₁-C₆)-alkyl-S(O)_(m)—, H₂N—S(O)₂— and NC—;

Het¹, independently of each other group Het¹, is a saturated or unsaturated 4-membered to 8-membered monocyclic heterocycle which comprises a ring nitrogen atom via which Het¹ is bonded and optionally one or two identical or different further ring heteroatoms chosen from the series consisting of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur, which is optionally substituted by one or more identical or different substituents chosen from the series consisting of halogen, (C₁-C₄)-alkyl, HO—, (C₁-C₄)-alkyl-O—, oxo and NC—;

Het² is a saturated 4-membered to 7-membered monocyclic heterocycle which comprises a ring nitrogen atom via which Het² is bonded and optionally one further ring heteroatom chosen from the series consisting of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur, which is optionally substituted by one or more identical or different substituents chosen from the series consisting of halogen, (C₁-C₄)-alkyl, HO—, oxo and (C₁-C₄)-alkyl-O—;

Het³, independently of each other group Het³, is a saturated 4-membered to 7-membered monocyclic heterocycle which comprises one or two identical or different ring heteroatoms chosen from the series consisting of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur and is bonded via a ring carbon atom, which is optionally substituted by one or more identical or different substituents chosen from the series consisting of fluorine, (C₁-C₄)-alkyl and oxo;

Het⁴, independently of each other group Het⁴, is a saturated or unsaturated 4-membered to 8-membered monocyclic heterocycle which comprises one to four ring heteroatoms chosen from the series consisting of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur which is optionally substituted by one or more identical or different substituents chosen from the series consisting of halogen, (C₁-C₄)-alkyl, HO—, (C₁-C₄)-alkyl-O—, oxo and NC—; m, independently of each other number m, is an integer chosen from the series consisting of 0, 1 and 2; wherein all cycloalkyl groups, independently of each other, are optionally substituted by one or more identical or different substituents chosen from the series consisting of fluorine and (C₁-C₄)-alkyl; wherein all alkyl, C_(s)H_(2s), C_(u)H_(2u), (CH₂)_(x) and (CH₂)_(y) groups, independently of each other, and independently of any other substituents, are optionally substituted by one or more fluorine substituents.

If structural elements such as groups, substituents or numbers, for example, can occur several times in the compounds of the formula I, they are all independent of each other and can in each case have any of the indicated meanings, and they can in each case be identical to or different from any other such element. In a dialkylamino group, for example, the alkyl groups can be identical or different.

Alkyl groups, i.e. saturated hydrocarbon residues, can be linear (straight-chain) or branched. This also applies if these groups are substituted or are part of another group, for example an alkyl-O— group (alkyloxy group, alkoxy group) or an HO-substituted alkyl group (hydroxyalkyl group). Depending on the respective definition, the number of carbon atoms in an alkyl group can be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10, or 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8, or 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6, or 1, 2, 3 or 4, or 1, 2 or 3, or 1 or 2, or 1, for example. In one embodiment of the invention, a (C₁-C₁₀)-alkyl group present in the compounds of the formula I is a (C₁-C₈)-alkyl group, in another embodiment a (C₁-C₆)-alkyl group, in another embodiment a (C₁-C₄)-alkyl group, in another embodiment a (C₁-C₃)-alkyl group, in another embodiment a (C₁-C₂)-alkyl group, in another embodiment a (C₂-C₃)-alkyl group, in another embodiment a methyl group. In one embodiment of the invention, a (C₁-C₈)-alkyl group present in any position of the compounds of the formula I is a (C₁-C₆)-alkyl group, in another embodiment a (C₁-C₄)-alkyl group, in another embodiment a (C₁-C₃)-alkyl group, in another embodiment a (C₁-C₂)-alkyl group, in another embodiment a (C₂-C₃)-alkyl group, in another embodiment a methyl group, where any (C₁-C₈)-alkyl group present in the compounds of the formula I can independently of each other (C₁-C₈)-alkyl group be a group of any of these embodiments. In one embodiment of the invention, a (C₁-C₆)-alkyl group present in any position of the compounds of the formula I is a (C₁-C₄)-alkyl group, in another embodiment a (C₁-C₃)-alkyl group, in another embodiment a (C₁-C₂)-alkyl group, in another embodiment a (C₂-C₃)-alkyl group, in another embodiment a methyl group, where any (C₁-C₆)-alkyl group present in the compounds of the formula I can independently of each other (C₁-C₆)-alkyl group be a group of any of these embodiments. In one embodiment of the invention, a (C₁-C₄)-alkyl group present in any position of the compounds of the formula I is a (C₁-C₃)-alkyl group, in another embodiment a (C₁-C₂)-alkyl group, in another embodiment a (C₂-C₃)-alkyl group, in another embodiment a methyl group, where any (C₁-C₄)-alkyl group present in the compounds of the formula I can independently of each other (C₁-C₄)-alkyl group be a group of any of these embodiments. Examples of alkyl groups are methyl, ethyl, propyl groups including propyl (i.e. n-propyl) and isopropyl, butyl groups including butyl (i.e. n-butyl), sec-butyl, isobutyl and tert-butyl, pentyl groups including pentyl (i.e. n-pentyl), 1-methylbutyl, isopentyl, neopentyl and tert-pentyl, hexyl groups including hexyl (i.e. n-hexyl), 3,3-dimethylbutyl and isohexyl, heptyl groups including heptyl (i.e. n-heptyl), octyl groups including octyl (i.e. n-octyl), nonyl groups including nonyl (i.e. n-nonyl), and decyl groups including decyl (i.e. n-decyl). Examples of alkyl-O— groups are methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy (i.e. n-propoxy), isopropoxy, butoxy (i.e. n-butoxy), isobutoxy, tert-butoxy, pentoxy (i.e. n-pentoxy). Examples of alkyl-S(O)_(m)— are methylsulfanyl-(CH₃—S—), methanesulfinyl-(CH₃—S(O)—), methanesulfonyl (CH₃—S(O)₂—), ethylsulfanyl-(CH₃—CH₂—S—), ethanesulfinyl-(CH₃—CH₂—S(O)—), ethanesulfonyl (CH₃—CH₂—S(O)₂—), 1-methylethylsulfanyl-((CH₃)₂CH—S—), 1-methylethanesulfinyl-((CH₃)₂CH—S(O)—), 1-methylethanesulfonyl ((CH₃)₂CH—S(O)₂—). In one embodiment of the invention the number m is chosen from 0 and 2, wherein all numbers m are independent of each other and can be identical or different. In another embodiment the number m in any of its occurrences is, independently of its meaning in other occurrences, 0. In another embodiment the number m in any of its occurrences is, independently of its meaning in other occurrences, 2.

A substituted alkyl group can be substituted in any positions, provided that the respective compound is sufficiently stable and is suitable as a pharmaceutical active compound. The prerequisite that a specific group and a compound of the formula I are sufficiently stable and suitable as a pharmaceutical active compound, applies in general with respect to the definitions of all groups in the compounds of the formula I. In one embodiment of the invention, an individual carbon atom in any alkyl group in the compounds of the formula I, as well as in other groups such as cycloalkyl groups and heterocyclic groups, for example, independently of any other carbon atom does not carry more than one substituent which is bonded via an oxygen atom, nitrogen atom or sulfur atom, such as HO—, (C₁-C₄)-alkyl-O— or (C₁-C₄)-alkyl-S(O)_(m)-substituents, for example. An alkyl group which is optionally substituted by one or more fluorine substituents can be unsubstituted, i.e. not carry fluorine substituents, or substituted, for example by one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten or eleven fluorine substituents, or by one, two, three, four, five, six or seven fluorine substituents, or by one, two, three, four or five fluorine substituents, or by one, two or three fluorine substituents, which can be located in any positions. For example, in a fluoro-substituted alkyl group one or more methyl groups can carry three fluorine substituents each and be present as trifluoromethyl groups, and/or one or more methylene groups (CH₂) can carry two fluorine substituents each and be present as difluoromethylene groups. The explanations with respect to the substitution of a group by fluorine also apply if the group additionally carries other substituents and/or is part of another group, for example of an alkyl-O— group. Examples of fluoro-substituted alkyl groups are trifluoromethyl, 2-fluoroethyl, 1-fluoroethyl, 1,1-difluoroethyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, pentafluoroethyl, 3,3,3-trifluoropropyl, 2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropyl, 4,4,4-trifluorobutyl and heptafluoroisopropyl. Examples of fluoro-substituted alkyl-O— groups are trifluoromethoxy, 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy, pentafluoroethoxy and 3,3,3-trifluoropropoxy. Examples of fluoro-substituted alkyl-S(O)_(m)— groups are trifluoromethylsulfanyl-(CF₃—S—), trifluoromethanesulfinyl-(CF₃—S(O)—) and trifluoromethanesulfonyl (CF₃—S(O)₂—).

The above explanations with respect to alkyl groups apply correspondingly to alkanediyl groups (divalent alkyl groups) including the divalent groups C_(s)H_(2s), C_(u)H_(2u), (CH₂)_(x) and (CH₂)_(y). Also the alkyl part of a substituted alkyl group may be regarded as an alkanediyl group. Thus, alkanediyl groups can also be linear or branched, the bonds to the adjacent groups can be located in any positions and can start from the same carbon atom or from different carbon atoms, and they can be substituted by fluorine substituents. Examples of alkanediyl groups including the groups C_(s)H_(2s) and C_(u)H_(2u) and, as far they constitute polymethylene chains, the groups (CH₂)_(x) are —CH₂—, —CH₂—CH₂—, —CH₂—CH₂—CH₂—, —CH₂—CH₂—CH₂—CH₂—, —CH₂—CH₂—CH₂—CH₂—CH₂—, —CH(CH₃)—, —C(CH₃)₂—, —CH(CH₃)—CH₂—, —CH₂—CH(CH₃)—, —C(CH₃)₂—CH₂—, —CH₂—C(CH₃)₂—. Examples of fluoro-substituted alkanediyl groups, which can contain one, two, three, four, five or six fluorine substituents, or one, two, three or four fluorine substituents, or one or two fluorine substituents, for example, are —CHF—, —CF₂— —CF₂—CH₂—, —CH₂—CF₂—, —CF₂—CF₂—, —CF(CH₃)—, —C(CF₃)₂—, —C(CH₃)₂—CF₂—, —CF₂—C(CH₃)₂—.

The number of ring carbon atoms in a (C₃-C₇)-cycloalkyl group can be 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7. Examples of cycloalkyl are cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl and cycloheptyl. As regards the optional substitution of cycloalkyl groups by one or more (C₁-C₄)-alkyl substituents, they be unsubstituted, i.e. not carry alkyl substituents, or substituted, for example by one, two, three or four, or by one or two, identical or different (C₁-C₄)-alkyl substituents, for example by methyl groups, which substituents can be located in any positions. Examples of such alkyl-substituted cycloalkyl groups are 1-methylcyclopropyl, 2,2-dimethylcyclopropyl, 1-methylcyclopentyl, 2,3-dimethylcyclopentyl, 1-methylcyclohexyl, 4-methylcyclohexyl, 4-isopropylcyclohexyl, 4-tert-butylcyclohexyl and 3,3,5,5-tetramethylcyclohexyl. As regards the optional substitution of cycloalkyl groups by one or more fluorine substituents, they can be unsubstituted, i.e. not carry fluorine substituents, or substituted, for example by one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten or eleven fluorine substituents, or by one, two, three, four, five or six fluorine substituents, or by one, two, three or four fluorine substituents, or by one or two fluorine substituents. The fluorine substituents can be located in any positions of the cycloalkyl group and can also be located in an alkyl substituent on the cycloalkyl group. Examples of fluoro-substituted cycloalkyl groups are 1-fluorocyclopropyl, 2,2-difluorocyclopropyl, 3,3-difluorocyclobutyl, 1-fluorocyclohexyl, 4,4-difluorocyclohexyl and 3,3,4,4,5,5-hexafluorocyclohexyl. Cycloalkyl groups can also be substituted simultaneously by fluorine and alkyl. Examples of (C₃-C₇)-cycloalkyl-substituted alkyl groups, which can represent R¹¹ or R³⁰, for example, are cyclopropylmethyl-, cyclobutylmethyl-, cyclopentylmethyl-, cyclohexylmethyl-, cycloheptylmethyl-, 1-cyclopropylethyl-, 2-cyclopropylethyl-, 1-cyclobutylethyl-, 2-cyclobutylethyl-, 1-cyclopentylethyl-, 2-cyclopentylethyl-, 1-cyclohexylethyl-, 2-cyclohexylethyl-, 1-cycloheptylethyl-, 2-cycloheptylethyl-. The explanations with respect cycloalkyl groups apply correspondingly to divalent cycloalkyl groups (cycloalkanediyl groups), which can occur in case the two groups R³⁰ and R⁴⁰ together are (CH₂)_(x) or the two groups R⁵⁰ and R⁶⁰ together are (CH₂)_(y). Also the cycloalkyl part of a substituted cycloalkyl group may be regarded as a cycloalkanediyl group. Thus, for example, the bonds through which a cycloalkanediyl group is connected to the adjacent groups, can be located in any positions and can start from the same ring carbon atom, as in the case of the cycloalkanediyl group which is present if R³⁰ and R⁴⁰ together are (CH₂)_(x) or the two groups R⁵⁰ and R⁶⁰ together are (CH₂)_(y), or from different ring carbon atoms.

In substituted phenyl groups the substituents can be located in any positions. In the case a the divalent substituents —O—CH₂—O— (methylenedioxy), —O—CH₂—CH₂—O— and —O—CF₂—O— (difluoromethylenedioxy) which can be present on phenyl groups and aromatic heterocycles, the two oxygen atoms are bonded to adjacent ring carbon atoms of the phenyl group or the aromatic heterocycle and replace two hydrogen atoms of the parent system. In monosubstituted phenyl groups, the substituent can be located in the 2-position, the 3-position or the 4-position. In disubstituted phenyl groups, the substituents can be located in 2,3-position, 2,4-position, 2,5-position, 2,6-position, 3,4-position or 3,5-position. In trisubstituted phenyl groups, the substituents can be located in 2,3,4-position, 2,3,5-position, 2,3,6-position, 2,4,5-position, 2,4,6-position or 3,4,5-position. If a phenyl group carries four substituents, some of which can be fluorine atoms, for example, the substituents can be located in 2,3,4,5-position, 2,3,4,6-position or 2,3,5,6-position. If a polysubstituted phenyl group carries different substituents, each substituent can be located in any suitable position, and the present invention comprises all positional isomers. The number of substituents in an optionally substituted phenyl group can be one, two, three, four or five. In one embodiment of the invention, an optionally substituted phenyl group, independently of any other optionally substituted phenyl group in a compound of the formula I, carries one, two, three or four, in another embodiment one, two or three, in another embodiment one or two, in another embodiment one, identical or different substituents, and in another embodiment it is unsubstituted.

Likewise, in substituted heterocyclic groups, including aromatic 5-membered and 6-membered monocyclic heterocycles which can represent R³², R³³ and Ar, saturated and unsaturated 4-membered to 8-membered monocyclic heterocycles which can represent Het¹, and saturated 4-membered to 7-membered monocyclic heterocycles which can represent Het² and Het³, the substituents can be located in any positions and can be present on ring carbon atoms and/or on suitable ring nitrogen atoms. The present invention comprises all positional isomers. The number of substituents which can be present on substituted heterocycles in the compounds of the formula I, depends on the ring size, the number and type of the ring heteroatoms and the degree of unsaturation. In one embodiment of the invention, the number of identical or different substituents on any of the heterocyclic groups in the compounds of the formula I, independently of the number of substituents in any other occurrence of this group and the number of substituents in any other heterocyclic group in the compounds of the formula I, is one, two, three, four or five, in another embodiment one, two, three or four, in another embodiment one, two or three, in another embodiment one or two, in another embodiment one. Ring nitrogen atoms which optionally carry a substituent, include ring nitrogen atoms in saturated heterocyclic rings other than those via which such a ring is bonded, and the ring nitrogen atom in 5-membered aromatic heterocycles such as pyrrole, imidazole or triazole, which in the parent heterocycle carry a hydrogen atom. In one embodiment of the invention, the substituents on any such ring nitrogen atoms in heterocyclic groups are chosen from those of the substituents specified in the definition of the respective group which are bonded via a carbon atom, for example from the series consisting of (C₁-C₆)-alkyl, (C₃-C₇)-cycloalkyl and R³³, in another embodiment from the series consisting of (C₁-C₆)-alkyl and (C₃-C₇)-cycloalkyl, in the case of the aromatic heterocycle which can represent R³², from the series consisting of (C₁-C₆)-alkyl and (C₃-C₇)-cycloalkyl in the case of the aromatic heterocycle which can represent R³³, and are (C₁-C₆)-alkyl in the case of the aromatic heterocycle which can represent Ar and (C₁-C₄)-alkyl in the case of Het¹, Het² and Het³. Generally, besides optionally carrying the substituents indicated in the definition of the respective group, suitable ring nitrogen atoms in heterocyclic groups in the compounds of the formula I, in particular aromatic heterocyclic groups such as the heterocyclic groups which can represent R³², R³³ and Ar, for example the ring nitrogen atom in a pyridinyl group, can also carry an oxido substituent —O⁻ and be present as an N-oxide.

The ring heteroatoms specified in the definitions of heterocyclic groups in the compounds of the formula I, including the aromatic 5-membered and 6-membered monocyclic heterocycles which can represent R³², R³³ and Ar and the heterocycles which represent Het¹, Het², Het³ and Het⁴ can generally be present in any combination and located in any suitable ring positions, provided that the resulting group and the compound of the formula I are sufficiently stable and suitable as a pharmaceutical active compound, as mentioned above. In one embodiment of the invention, two oxygen atoms in any heterocyclic ring in the compounds of the formula I cannot be present in adjacent ring positions. In another embodiment, two ring heteroatoms in any non-aromatic heterocyclic ring in the compounds of the formula I cannot be present in adjacent ring positions. In another embodiment, two ring heteroatoms chosen from the series consisting of N atoms which carry a hydrogen atom or a substituent and are bonded to the adjacent ring atoms by single bonds, O atoms and S atoms in a non-aromatic heterocycle cannot be present in adjacent ring positions. In an aromatic heterocycle the choice of ring heteroatoms and their positions is limited by the prerequisite that the ring is aromatic, i.e., it comprises a cyclic system of six delocalized pi electrons. Thus, for example, in an aromatic monocyclic 6-membered heterocycle only nitrogen atoms can occur as ring heteroatoms, and in an aromatic monocyclic 5-membered heterocycle only one ring heteroatom chosen from the series consisting of O atoms, S atoms and N atoms carrying a hydrogen atom or a substituent, can be present. An unsaturated heterocycle which can represent Het¹, can be aromatic, for example in the case of a pyrrolyl, imidazolyl or triazolyl group which is bonded via a ring nitrogen atom and can represent Het¹, or non-aromatic and comprise one or two double bonds within the ring which can be present in any positions. In one embodiment, a 4-membered heterocycle representing Het¹ cannot be unsaturated. A heterocyclic group can be bonded via any ring carbon atom or via any suitable ring nitrogen atom, respectively, as indicated in the definition of the respective group. The group Het¹ can be 4-membered, 5-membered, 6-membered or 7-membered or 8-membered. The groups Het² and Het³ can be 4-membered, 5-membered, 6-membered or 7-membered.

Examples of aromatic heterocycles, from any one or more of which the aromatic 5-membered and 6-membered monocyclic heterocycles which can represent R³², R³³ and Ar and, as far as applicable, the group Het¹ are chosen in one embodiment of the invention, are pyrrole, furan, thiophene, imidazole, pyrazole, oxazole ([1,3]oxazole), isoxazole ([1,2]oxazole), thiazole ([1,3]thiazole), isothiazole ([1,2]thiazole), [1,2,3]triazole, [1,2,4]triazole, [1,3,4]oxadiazole, pyridine, pyridazine, pyrimidine and pyrazine, which can all be bonded via any ring carbon atom or via any suitable ring nitrogen atom, and which all are optionally substituted as indicated with respect to the compounds of formula I in general or in any embodiment specified above or below. Examples of specific residues of aromatic heterocycles, from any one or more of which the aromatic, 5-membered or 6-membered monocyclic heterocyclic residue which can represent R³², R³³ or Ar and, as far as applicable, the group Het¹, are chosen in one embodiment of the invention, are pyrrol-1-yl, pyrrol-2-yl, pyrrol-3-yl, furan-2-yl, furan-3-yl, thiophen-2-yl (2-thienyl), thiophen-3-yl (3-thienyl), imidazol-1-yl, imidazol-2-yl, imidazol-4-yl, imidazol-5-yl, pyrazol-1-yl, pyrazol-3-yl, pyrazol-4-yl, pyrazol-5-yl, oxazol-2-yl, oxazol-4-yl, oxazol-5-yl, isoxazol-3-yl, isoxazol-4-yl, isoxazol-5-yl, thiazol-2-yl, thiazol-4-yl, thiazol-5-yl, isothiazol-3-yl, isothiazol-4-yl, isothiazol-5-yl, [1,2,3]triazol-1-yl, [1,2,3]triazol-4-yl, [1,2,3]triazol-5-yl, [1,2,4]triazol-1-yl, [1,2,4]triazol-3-yl, [1,2,4]triazol-4-yl, [1,3,4]oxadiazol-2-yl, pyridin-2-yl (2-pyridyl), pyridin-3-yl (3-pyridyl), pyridin-4-yl (4-pyridyl), pyridazin-3-yl, pyridazin-4-yl, pyrimidin-2-yl, pyrimidin-4-yl, and pyrazin-2-yl, which all are optionally substituted as indicated with respect to the compounds of formula I in general or in any embodiment specified above or below.

Examples of saturated heterocycles and non-aromatic unsaturated heterocycles, from any one or more of which the groups Het¹, Het², Het³ and Het⁴ are independently of each other chosen in one embodiment of the invention, as far as applicable with regard to the ring size and the degree of saturation, are azetidine, oxetane, thietane, pyrrolidine, 2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrole, tetrahydrofuran, tetrahydrothiophene, pyrazolidine, imidazolidine, 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole, [1,3]dioxolane, oxazolidine, thiazolidine, piperidine, 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine, tetrahydropyran, tetrahydrothiopyran, piperazine, [1,3]dioxane, [1,4]dioxane, morpholine, thiomorpholine, azepane, oxepane, thiepane, [1,3]diazepane, [1,4]diazepane, [1,4]oxazepane, [1,4]thiazepane and azocane, which all are optionally substituted as indicated with respect to the compounds of formula I in general or in any embodiment specified above or below. Examples of specific residues of saturated and non-aromatic unsaturated heterocycles, from any one or more of which the groups Het¹, Het², Het³ and Het⁴ are independently of each other chosen in one embodiment of the invention, as far as applicable with regard to the ring size, the degree of saturation and the kind of the atom via which the residue is bonded are azetidin-1-yl, oxetan-3-yl, thietan-3-yl, pyrrolidin-1-yl, pyrrolidin-2-yl, pyrrolidin-3-yl, 2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl, tetrahydrofuran-2-yl, tetrahydrofuran-3-yl, tetrahydrothiophen-2-yl, tetrahydrothiophen-3-yl, pyrazolidin-1-yl, pyrazolidin-4-yl, imidazolidin-1-yl, imidazolidin-2-yl, imidazolidin-4-yl, 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl, 1,3-dioxolan-2-yl, 1,3-dioxolan-4-yl, oxazolidin-2-yl, oxazolidin-3-yl, oxazolidin-4-yl, oxazolidin-5-yl, thiazolidin-2-yl, thiazolidin-3-yl, thiazolidin-4-yl, thiazolidin-5-yl, piperidin-1-yl, piperidin-2-yl, piperidin-3-yl, piperidin-4-yl, 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridin-1-yl, tetrahydropyran-2-yl, tetrahydropyran-3-yl, tetrahydropyran-4-yl, tetrahydrothiopyran-2-yl, tetrahydrothiopyran-3-yl, tetrahydrothiopyran-4-yl, piperazin-1-yl, piperazin-2-yl, [1,3]dioxan-2-yl, [1,3]dioxan-4-yl, [1,3]dioxan-5-yl, [1,4]dioxan-2-yl, morpholin-2-yl, morpholin-3-yl, morpholin-4-yl, thiomorpholin-2-yl, thiomorpholin-3-yl, thiomorpholin-4-yl, azepan-1-yl, azepan-2-yl, azepan-3-yl, azepan-4-yl, oxepan-2-yl, oxepan-3-yl, oxepan-4-yl, [1,3]diazepan-1-yl, [1,4]diazepan-1-yl, [1,4]oxazepan-1-yl and [1,4]thiazepan-1-yl, which all are optionally substituted as indicated with respect to the compounds of formula I in general or in any embodiment specified above or below.

Halogen is fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine. In one embodiment of the invention, halogen in any occurrence in the compounds of the formula I, independently of all other occurrences, is fluorine, chlorine or bromine, in another embodiment fluorine or chlorine, in another embodiment fluorine.

An oxo substituent, i.e. an oxygen atom which is bonded via a double bond, when bonded to a carbon atom, replaces two hydrogen atoms on the carbon atom of the parent system to which it is bonded. Thus, if a CH₂ group is substituted by oxo, it becomes a carbonyl group (C(O), C═O). An oxo substituent cannot be present on a carbon atom in an aromatic ring. Besides on carbon atoms, oxo substituents can also be present on a ring sulfur atom in the group Het¹, in particular if the group Het¹ is saturated, and in the group Het³, to give the ring member S(O) (S═O, i.e. a sulfoxide group), if one oxo substituent is present on the sulfur atom, or the ring member S(O)₂ (S(═O)₂, i.e. a sulfone group), if two oxo substituents are present on the sulfur atom. As examples of heterocycles which can represent Het¹ and Het³ and which carry oxo substituent a ring sulfur atom, 1,1-dioxo-tetrahydrothiophene, 1-oxo-thiomorpholine and 1,1-dioxo-thiomorpholine may be mentioned, which all are optionally substituted by further substituents such as (C₁-C₄)-alkyl substituents as indicated with respect to the compounds of formula I in general or in any embodiment specified above or below.

The present invention comprises all stereoisomeric forms of the compounds of the formula I, for example all enantiomers and diastereomers including cis/trans isomers. The invention likewise comprises mixtures of two or more stereoisomeric forms, for example mixtures of enantiomers and/or diastereomers including cis/trans isomers, in all ratios. Asymmetric centers contained in the compounds of the formula I, for example in unsubstituted or substituted alkyl groups, can all independently of each other have the S configuration or the R configuration. The invention relates to enantiomers, both the levorotatory and the dextrorotatory antipode, in enantiomerically pure form and essentially enantiomerically pure form, for example with a molar ratio of the two enantiomers of 99:1 or greater, and in the form of racemates and in the form of mixtures of the two enantiomers in all ratios. The invention likewise relates to diastereomers in the form of pure and essentially pure diastereomers and in the form of mixtures of two or more diastereomers in all ratios. The invention also comprises all cis/trans isomers of the compounds of the formula I in pure form and essentially pure form, for example with a molar ratio of the cis/trans isomers of 99:1 or greater, and in the form of mixtures of the cis isomer and the trans isomer in all ratios. Cis/trans isomerism can occur in substituted rings. The preparation of individual stereoisomers, if desired, can be carried out by resolution of a mixture according to customary methods, for example, by chromatography or crystallization, or by use of stereochemically uniform starting compounds in the synthesis or by stereoselective reactions. Optionally, before a separation of stereoisomers a derivatization can be carried out. The separation of a mixture of stereoisomers can be carried out at the stage of the compound of the formula I or at the stage of an intermediate in the course of the synthesis. The invention also comprises all tautomeric forms of the compounds of the formula I.

Physiologically acceptable salts, including pharmaceutically utilizable salts, of the compounds of the formula I generally comprise a nontoxic salt component. They can contain inorganic or organic salt components. Such salts can be formed, for example, from compounds of the formula I which contain an acidic group, for example a carboxylic acid group (hydroxycarbonyl group, HO—C(O)—), and nontoxic inorganic or organic bases. Suitable bases are, for example, alkali metal compounds or alkaline earth metal compounds, such as sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium carbonate or sodium hydrogencarbonate, or ammonia, organic amino compounds and quaternary ammonium hydroxides. Reactions of compounds of the formula I with bases for the preparation of the salts are in general carried out according to customary procedures in a solvent or diluent. Examples of salts of acidic groups thus are sodium, potassium, magnesium or calcium salts or ammonium salts which can also carry one or more organic groups on the nitrogen atom. Compounds of the formula I which contain a basic, i.e. protonatable, group, for example an amino group or a basic heterocycle, can be present in the form of their acid addition salts with physiologically acceptable acids, for example as salt with hydrogen chloride, hydrogen bromide, phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid, acetic acid, benzoic acid, methanesulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, which in general can be prepared from the compounds of the formula I by reaction with an acid in a solvent or diluent according to customary procedures. If the compounds of the formula I simultaneously contain an acidic and a basic group in the molecule, the invention also includes internal salts (betaines, zwitterions) in addition to the salt forms mentioned. The present invention also comprises all salts of the compounds of the formula I which, because of low physiological tolerability, are not directly suitable for use as a pharmaceutical, but are suitable as intermediates for chemical reactions or for the preparation of physiologically acceptable salts, for example by means of anion exchange or cation exchange. The present invention also comprises all solvates of the compounds of the formula I and their salts, including physiologically acceptable solvates, such as hydrates, i.e. adducts with water, and adducts with alcohols like (C₁-C₄)-alkanols, as well as active metabolites of compounds of the formula I and prodrugs of the compounds of the formula I, i.e. compounds which in vitro may not necessarily exhibit pharmacological activity but which in vivo are converted into pharmacologically active compounds of the formula I, for example compounds which are converted by metabolic hydrolysis into a compound of the formula I, such as compounds in which a carboxylic acid group is present in esterified form or in the form of an amide.

In one embodiment of the invention, the group A is C(R¹), in another embodiment A is N. In one embodiment of the invention, the group D is chosen from the series consisting of N(R²) and O, in another embodiment from the series consisting of N(R²) and S, in another embodiment from the series consisting of O and S, in another embodiment D is N(R²), in another embodiment D is O, in another embodiment D is S. In one embodiment of the invention, the group E is C(R³), in another embodiment E is N. In one embodiment of the invention, one or more of the groups A, D and E have any one or some of their meanings and any remaining groups A, D and E have all their meanings. For example, in one embodiment A is chosen from the series consisting of C(R¹) and N, D is N(R²) and E is chosen from the series consisting of C(R³) and N, in another embodiment A is chosen from the series consisting of C(R¹) and N, D is N(R²) and E is N, in another embodiment A is C(R¹), D is N(R²) and E is chosen from the series consisting of C(R³) and N, in another embodiment A is C(R¹), D is N(R²) and E is N, in another embodiment A is C(R¹), D is chosen from the series consisting of N(R²) and O and D is N, in another embodiment A is N, D is chosen from the series consisting of from N(R²), O and S and E is C(R³), in another embodiment A is N, D is N(R²) and E is chosen from the series consisting of C(R³) and N. In one embodiment of the invention, one of the groups A and D is N and the other of the groups A and D is C(R¹) or C(R³), respectively, in another embodiment one or both of the groups A and D are N and any remaining group A or D is C(R¹) or C(R³), respectively, in another embodiment both of the groups A and D are N, and in another embodiment none of the groups A and D is N.

In terms of formulae resulting from formula I by incorporation of meanings of A, D or E, in one embodiment of the invention a compound of the formula I is a compound of any one or more of formulae I-1 to I-35, for example a compound of formula I-1, or a compound of formula I-2, or a compound of formula I-6, or a compound of formula I-9, or a compound of formula I-10, or a compound of formula I-14, or a compound of formula I-17, or a compound of formula I-19, or a compound of formula I-6 or formula I-14, or a compound of formula I-11 or formula I-12, or a compound of formula I-6 or formula I-10 or formula I-14, in any of its stereoisomeric forms or a mixture of stereoisomeric forms in any ratio, or a physiologically acceptable salt thereof, or a physiologically acceptable solvate of any of them, wherein in the compounds of formulae I-1 to I-35 the groups A, D, E, G, R¹, R², R³, R¹⁰, R¹¹, R³⁰, R⁴⁰, R⁵⁰ and R⁶⁰ are defined as in the compounds of formula I in general or in any embodiment specified above or below.

In terms of formulae resulting from formula I by incorporation of meanings of A, N(R2), E and R¹¹, in one embodiment of the invention a compound of the formula I is a compound of any one or more of formulae I-36 and I-37, in any of its stereoisomeric forms or a mixture of stereoisomeric forms in any ratio, or a physiologically acceptable salt thereof, or a physiologically acceptable solvate of any of them, wherein in the compounds of formulae I-36 and I-37 the groups A, E, G, R¹, R², R³, R¹⁰, R¹¹, R³⁰, R⁴⁰, R⁵⁰ and R⁶⁰ are defined as in the compounds of formula I in general or in any embodiment specified above or below.

In one embodiment of the invention, the group G is chosen from the series consisting of R⁷¹—O—C(O)—, R⁷²—N(R⁷³)—C(O)— and tetrazol-5-yl, in another embodiment from the series consisting of R⁷¹—O—C(O)— and R⁷²—N(R⁷³)—C(O)—, in another embodiment G is R⁷¹—O—C(O)—, and in another embodiment G is R⁷²—N(R⁷³)—C(O)—.

In one embodiment of the invention, the group R¹ is chosen from the series consisting of hydrogen, halogen, (C₁-C₆)-alkyl, HO—, (C₁-C₆)-alkyl-O—, and NC—, in another embodiment from the series consisting of hydrogen, halogen, (C₁-C₆)-alkyl, (C₁-C₆)-alkyl-O— and NC—, in another embodiment from the series consisting of hydrogen, halogen, (C₁-C₆)-alkyl and NC—, in another embodiment from the series consisting of hydrogen, halogen, (C₁-C₆)-alkyl, HO— and (C₁-C₆)-alkyl-O—, in another embodiment from the series consisting of hydrogen, halogen, (C₁-C₆)-alkyl and (C₁-C₆)-alkyl-O—, in another embodiment from the series consisting of hydrogen, halogen and (C₁-C₆)-alkyl, in another embodiment from the series consisting of hydrogen and halogen, in another embodiment from the series consisting of hydrogen, fluorine and chlorine, and in another embodiment R¹ is hydrogen. In one embodiment of the invention, a (C₁-C₆)-alkyl group occurring in R¹ is a (C₁-C₄)-alkyl group, in another embodiment a (C₁-C₂)-alkyl group, in another embodiment it is methyl.

In one embodiment of the invention, the group R² is chosen from the series consisting of (C₁-C₇)-alkyl and (C₃-C₇)-cycloalkyl-C_(s)H_(2s)—, in another embodiment from the series consisting of (C₃-C₇)-cycloalkyl-C_(s)H_(2s)— and Ar—C_(s)H_(2s)—, in another embodiment R² is (C₁-C₇)-alkyl, in another embodiment R² is (C₃-C₇)-cycloalkyl-C_(s)H_(2s)—, and in another embodiment R² is Ar—C_(s)H_(2s)—. In one embodiment, s is an integer chosen from the series consisting of 0, 1 and 2, in another embodiment from the series consisting of 0 and 1, in another embodiment from the series consisting of 1 and 2, in another embodiment s is 0, and in another embodiment s is 1. In one embodiment of the invention, R² is Ar—C_(s)H_(2s)— and s is 0, i.e., R² is the group Ar and the group D thus is the group N(Ar). In one embodiment, the divalent alkanediyl group C_(s)H_(2s) is a linear group. In one embodiment, a (C₁-C₇)-alkyl group representing R² is a (C₃-C₇)-alkyl group, in another embodiment a (C₃-C₆)-alkyl group. In one embodiment, a (C₃-C₇)-cycloalkyl group occurring in R² is a (C₃-C₆)-cycloalkyl group, in another embodiment a (C₅-C₆)-cycloalkyl group, in another embodiment a cyclopropyl group. In one embodiment, a group Ar occurring in R² is chosen from the series consisting of phenyl and an aromatic 5-membered or 6-membered heterocycle which comprises one or two identical or different ring heteroatoms chosen from the series consisting of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur, which is bonded via a ring carbon atom, in another embodiment from the series consisting of phenyl and an aromatic 6-membered heterocycle which comprises one or two nitrogen atoms as ring heteroatoms, in another embodiment from the series consisting of phenyl, thiophenyl, pyridinyl and pyrimidinyl, in another embodiment from the series consisting of phenyl and thiophenyl, in another embodiment from the series consisting of phenyl, pyridinyl and pyrimidinyl, in another embodiment from the series consisting of phenyl and pyridinyl, and in another embodiment a group Ar occurring in R² is phenyl, which groups all are optionally substituted as indicated with respect to the compounds of formula I in general or in any embodiment specified above or below. In one embodiment, a group Ar occurring in R² is optionally substituted by one, two or three identical or different substituents, in another embodiment it is optionally substituted by one or two identical or different substituents, in another embodiment it is optionally substituted by one substituent, in another embodiment it is substituted by one, two or three identical or different substituents, in another embodiment it is substituted by one or two identical or different substituents, and in another embodiment it is substituted by one substituent. In one embodiment, the substituents which are optionally present on a group Ar occurring in R², are chosen from the series consisting of halogen, (C₁-C₆)-alkyl, (C₁-C₆)-alkyl-O—, (C₁-C₆)-alkyl-S(O)_(m)— and NC—, in another embodiment from the series consisting of halogen, (C₁-C₆)-alkyl, (C₁-C₆)-alkyl-O— and (C₁-C₆)-alkyl-S(O)_(m)—, in another embodiment from the series consisting of halogen, (C₁-C₆)-alkyl and (C₁-C₆)-alkyl-S(O)_(m)—, in another embodiment from the series consisting of halogen and (C₁-C₆)-alkyl, in another embodiment from the series consisting of halogen, in another embodiment from the series consisting of fluorine and chlorine, in another embodiment from the series consisting of fluorine, chlorine and methyl. In one embodiment of the invention, a (C₁-C₆)-alkyl group occurring in R² is a (C₁-C₄)-alkyl group, in another embodiment a (C₁-C₂)-alkyl group, in another embodiment it is methyl.

Examples of groups Ar which can occur in R², and from any one or more of which a group Ar occurring in R² is chosen in one embodiment of the invention, are phenyl, 2-fluoro-phenyl, 3-fluoro-phenyl, 4-fluoro-phenyl, 2-chloro-phenyl, 3-chloro-phenyl, 4-chloro-phenyl, 3-bromo-phenyl, 4-bromo-phenyl, 2,3-dichloro-phenyl, 2,4-dichloro-phenyl, 2,5-dichloro-phenyl, 2,6-dichloro-phenyl, 3,4-dichloro-phenyl, 2,3-difluoro-phenyl, 2,4-difluoro-phenyl, 2,5-difluoro-phenyl, 2,6-difluoro-phenyl, 3,4-difluoro-phenyl, 2-chloro-6-fluoro-phenyl, 3,4,5-trifluoro-phenyl, 2-methyl-phenyl (o-tolyl), 3-methyl-phenyl (m-tolyl), 4-methyl-phenyl (p-tolyl), 2,3-dimethyl-phenyl, 2,4-dimethyl-phenyl, 2,5-dimethyl-phenyl, 2,6-dimethyl-phenyl, 3,4-dimethyl-phenyl, 2-ethyl-phenyl, 3-ethyl-phenyl, 4-ethyl-phenyl, 3-isopropyl-phenyl, 3-tert-butyl-phenyl, 4-tert-butyl-phenyl, 3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl, 4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl, 2-fluoro-5-methyl-phenyl, 3-chloro-2-methyl-phenyl, 5-chloro-2-methyl-phenyl, 5-chloro-2-fluoro-3-methyl-phenyl, 2-fluoro-3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl, 2-fluoro-5-trifluoromethyl-phenyl, 4-fluoro-3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl, 5-fluoro-3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl, 3-chloro-4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl, 5-chloro-2-trifluoromethyl-phenyl, 5-chloro-3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl, 2-methoxy-phenyl, 3-methoxy-phenyl, 4-methoxy-phenyl, 3-ethoxy-phenyl, 3-propoxy-phenyl, 3-isopropoxy-phenyl, 4-tert-butoxy-phenyl, 3-trifluoromethoxy-phenyl, 4-trifluoromethoxy-phenyl, 3-(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)-phenyl, 5-chloro-2-methoxy-phenyl, 3-chloro-4-methoxy-phenyl, 5-fluoro-3-isopropoxy-phenyl, 2-fluoro-3-trifluoromethoxy-phenyl, 4-methoxy-3,5-dimethyl-phenyl, 3-methoxy-5-trifluoromethyl-phenyl, 2,3-methylenedioxy-phenyl, 2,3-difluoromethylenedioxy-phenyl, 3,4-methylenedioxy-phenyl, 3,4-difluoromethylenedioxy-phenyl, 3-methylsulfanyl-phenyl, 3-ethylsulfanyl-phenyl, 3-trifluoromethylsulfanyl-phenyl, 3-methanesulfonyl-phenyl, 3-ethanesulfonyl-phenyl, 3-sulfamoyl-phenyl, 2-cyano-phenyl, 3-cyano-phenyl, 4-cyano-phenyl, thiophen-2-yl, thiophen-3-yl, 3-chloro-thiophen-2-yl, 4-chloro-thiophen-2-yl, 5-chloro-thiophen-2-yl, 4,5-dichloro-thiophen-2-yl, 5-chloro-thiophen-3-yl, 2,5-dichloro-thiophen-3-yl, 4-methyl-thiophen-2-yl, 5-methyl-thiophen-3-yl, 4,5-dimethyl-thiophen-2-yl, pyridin-2-yl, pyridin-3-yl, pyridin-4-yl, 2-chloro-pyridin-3-yl, 5-chloro-pyridin-2-yl, 6-chloro-pyridin-3-yl, 2-chloro-pyridin-4-yl, 2,6-dichloro-pyridin-3-yl, 6-methoxy-pyridin-3-yl, 2-chloro-6-methoxy-pyridin-3-yl.

In one embodiment of the invention, the group R³ is chosen from the series consisting of hydrogen, halogen, (C₁-C₆)-alkyl, (C₁-C₆)-alkyl-O—, and NC—, in another embodiment from the series consisting of hydrogen, halogen, (C₁-C₆)-alkyl and NC—, in another embodiment from the series consisting of hydrogen, halogen, (C₁-C₆)-alkyl and (C₁-C₆)-alkyl-O—, in another embodiment from the series consisting of hydrogen, halogen and (C₁-C₆)-alkyl, in another embodiment from the series consisting of hydrogen and halogen, in another embodiment from the series consisting of hydrogen and (C₁-C₆)-alkyl, in another embodiment from the series consisting of hydrogen, fluorine and chlorine, in another embodiment R³ is hydrogen, and in another embodiment R³ is (C₁-C₆)-alkyl. In one embodiment of the invention, a (C₁-C₆)-alkyl group occurring in R³ is a (C₁-C₄)-alkyl group, in another embodiment a (C₁-C₂)-alkyl group, in another embodiment it is methyl.

In one embodiment of the invention, the group R¹⁰ is chosen from the series consisting of R¹¹ and R¹²—N(R¹³)—C(O), in another embodiment from the series consisting of R¹²—N(R¹³)—C(O) and Het²-C(O), and in another embodiment R¹⁰ is R¹¹ and in another embodiment R¹⁰ is R¹⁴—C(O) or (C₁-C₄)-alkyl-S(O)_(m)—. In one embodiment, the group Het² which can occur in the group R¹⁰, is a saturated 4-membered to 6-membered, in another embodiment a 5-membered or 6-membered, in another embodiment a 5-membered, monocyclic heterocycle which, besides the ring nitrogen via which Het² is bonded, optionally comprises one further ring heteroatom chosen from the series nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur. In one embodiment, the group Het² which can occur in the group R¹⁰, does not comprise a further ring heteroatom besides the ring nitrogen atom via which Het² is bonded. In one embodiment, the number of substituents which are optionally present on a group Het² which can occur in R¹⁰, is one, two, three or four, in another embodiment one, two or three, in another embodiment one or two, in another embodiment one, and in another embodiment such a group Het² is unsubstituted. In one embodiment, the substituents which are optionally present on a group Het² which can occur in the group R¹⁰, are chosen from the series consisting of fluorine, (C₁-C₄)-alkyl, HO— and (C₁-C₄)-alkyl-O—, in another embodiment from the series consisting of (C₁-C₄)-alkyl, HO— and (C₁-C₄)-alkyl-O—, in another embodiment from the series consisting of (C₁-C₄)-alkyl and HO— and (C₁-C₄)-alkyl-O—, in another embodiment they are (C₁-C₄)-alkyl substituents, and in another embodiment they are HO— substituents.

In one embodiment of the invention, the group R¹¹ is chosen from the series consisting of hydrogen, R¹⁴, (C₃-C₇)-cycloalkyl and Het³, in another embodiment from the series consisting of hydrogen and R¹⁴, in another embodiment from the series consisting of hydrogen, R¹⁴ and (C₃-C₇)-cycloalkyl, in another embodiment from the series consisting of (C₃-C₇)-cycloalkyl, Ar and Het³, in another embodiment from the series consisting of (C₃-C₇)-cycloalkyl and Het³, in another embodiment R¹¹ is hydrogen, in another embodiment R¹¹ is R¹⁴, and in another embodiment R¹¹ is Ar. In one embodiment, a group Ar representing R¹¹ is phenyl which is optionally substituted as indicated with respect to the compounds of formula I in general or in any embodiment specified above or below. In one embodiment, a group Ar representing R¹¹ is optionally substituted by one, two or three identical or different substituents, in another embodiment it is optionally substituted by one or two identical or different substituents, in another embodiment it is optionally substituted by one substituent. In one embodiment, the substituents which are optionally present on a group Ar representing R¹¹, are chosen from the series consisting of halogen, (C₁-C₄)-alkyl, (C₁-C₄)-alkyl-O— and NC—, in another embodiment from the series consisting of halogen, (C₁-C₄)-alkyl and (C₁-C₄)-alkyl-O—, in another embodiment from the series consisting of halogen and (C₁-C₄)-alkyl. In one embodiment, a (C₃-C₇)-cycloalkyl group representing R¹¹ is a (C₃-C₆)-cycloalkyl group. In one embodiment, a group Het³ representing R¹¹ is a saturated 4-membered to 6-membered monocyclic heterocycle which comprises one or two identical or different ring heteroatoms, in another embodiment one ring heteroatom, which are chosen from the series consisting of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur, in another embodiment it comprises one ring heteroatom chosen from the series consisting of nitrogen and oxygen, in another embodiment one ring heteroatom chosen from the series consisting of oxygen and sulfur, and in another embodiment it comprises one oxygen atom as ring heteroatom, wherein the heterocycle is bonded via a ring carbon atom and is optionally substituted by one, two, three or four, in another embodiment by one or two, identical or different substituents chosen from the series consisting of fluorine, (C₁-C₄)-alkyl and oxo, in another embodiment from the series consisting of fluorine and (C₁-C₄)-alkyl.

In one embodiment of the invention, the groups R¹⁰ and R¹¹ form the group Het² wherein Het² is optionally substituted by one, two, three or four, in another embodiment by one or two, identical or different substituents chosen from the series consisting of halogen, (C₁-C₄)-alkyl, HO—, oxo and (C₁-C₄)-alkyl-O—. In another embodiment Het² is chosen from the series of piperidinyl and pyrrolidinyl which are optionally substituted as described above.

In one embodiment of the invention, the groups R¹² and R¹³ are independently of each other chosen from the series consisting of hydrogen and R¹⁵, in another embodiment from the series consisting of R¹⁵ and Ar, and in another embodiment they are identical or different groups R¹⁵. In one embodiment, one of the groups R¹² and R¹³ is chosen from the series consisting of R¹⁵ and Ar, and the other is a group R¹⁵. In one embodiment, a group Ar representing R¹² or R¹³ is phenyl which is optionally substituted by one or two, in another embodiment by one, identical or different substituents chosen from the series consisting of halogen and (C₁-C₄)-alkyl, and in another embodiment it is unsubstituted phenyl.

In one embodiment of the invention, the (C₁-C₁₀)-alkyl group representing the group R¹⁴ is a (C₁-C₈)-alkyl group, in another embodiment a (C₁-C₇)-alkyl group, in another embodiment a (C₁-C₄)-alkyl group, in another embodiment a (C₁-C₃)-alkyl group, in another embodiment a (C₁-C₂)-alkyl group, in another embodiment a methyl group, in another embodiment a (C₄-C₈)-alkyl group, in another embodiment a (C₄-C₇)-alkyl group, in another embodiment a (C₅-C₇)-alkyl group, in another embodiment a C₆-alkyl group, wherein all these alkyl groups are linear or branched as applies to alkyl groups in the compounds of the formula I in general, and are optionally substituted by one or more identical or different substituents as indicated with respect to the compounds of formula I in general or in any embodiment specified above or below. In one embodiment of the invention, the number of optional substituents in an alkyl group representing R¹⁴ is one, two, three or four, in another embodiment one, two or three, in another embodiment one or two, in another embodiment one. In one embodiment, an alkyl group representing R¹⁴ is unsubstituted, and in another embodiment it is substituted by one, two, three or four, in another embodiment by one, two or three, in another embodiment by one or two, in another embodiment by one substituent as indicated.

In one embodiment, a (C₃-C₇)-cycloalkyl group occurring as a substituent on an alkyl group representing R¹⁴ is a (C₃-C₆)-cycloalkyl group, in another embodiment it is a cyclopropyl group. In one embodiment, a group Ar occurring as a substituent on an alkyl group representing R¹⁴ is phenyl or an aromatic 5-membered or 6-membered monocyclic heterocycle which comprises one or two identical or different ring heteroatoms chosen from the series consisting of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur, and in another embodiment comprises one nitrogen atom as ring heteroatom and in the case of a 5-membered heterocycle one additional ring heteroatom chosen from the series consisting of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur, and in another embodiment a group Ar occurring as a substituent in an alkyl group representing R¹⁴ is chosen from phenyl, pyrazolyl, isoxazolyl and thiazolyl, wherein all these groups Ar are optionally substituted by one or more identical or different substituents as indicated with respect to the compounds of formula I in general or in any embodiment specified above or below. In one embodiment, the number of optional substituents on a group Ar occurring as a substituent in an alkyl group representing R¹⁴ is one, two or three, in another embodiment one or two, in another embodiment one. In one embodiment, the substituents which are optionally present on a group Ar occurring as a substituent in an alkyl group representing R¹⁴, are chosen from the series consisting of halogen, (C₁-C₄)-alkyl, (C₁-C₄)-alkyl-O— and NC—, in another embodiment from the series consisting of halogen, (C₁-C₄)-alkyl and (C₁-C₄)-alkyl-O—, in another embodiment from the series consisting of halogen and (C₁-C₄)-alkyl, and in another embodiment they are (C₁-C₄)-alkyl groups.

In one embodiment, a group Het¹ occurring as a substituent on an alkyl group representing R¹⁴ is a saturated or unsaturated 4-membered to 6-membered heterocycle, in another embodiment a 5-membered or 6-membered heterocycle, which comprises a ring nitrogen atom via which Het¹ is bonded and optionally one further ring heteroatom chosen from the series consisting of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur, which is optionally substituted as indicated with respect to the compounds of formula I in general or in any embodiment specified above or below. In one embodiment, a group Het¹ occurring as a substituent on an alkyl group representing R¹⁴ does not comprise any further ring heteroatom besides the ring nitrogen atom via which Het¹ is bonded. In one embodiment, a group Het¹ occurring as a substituent on an alkyl group representing R¹⁴ is saturated, in another embodiment it is unsaturated. In one embodiment, the number of substituents which are optionally present on a group Het¹ occurring as a substituent on an alkyl group representing R¹⁴ is one, two, three or four, in another embodiment one, two or three, in another embodiment one or two, in another embodiment one. In one embodiment, the substituents which are optionally present on a group Het¹ occurring as a substituent on an alkyl group representing R¹⁴ are chosen from the series consisting of halogen, (C₁-C₄)-alkyl, HO—, (C₁-C₄)-alkyl-O— and oxo, in another embodiment from the series consisting of fluorine, (C₁-C₄)-alkyl, HO— and oxo, in another embodiment from the series consisting of fluorine, (C₁-C₄)-alkyl and oxo, in another embodiment from the series consisting of (C₁-C₄)-alkyl and oxo, and in another embodiment they are oxo substituents. In one embodiment, the number of oxo substituents which are optionally present on a group Het¹ occurring as a substituent on an alkyl group representing R¹⁴, is not greater than two, and in another embodiment it is not greater than one.

In one embodiment, a group Het¹ occurring in the substituent Het¹-C(O)— on an alkyl group representing R¹⁴ is a 4-membered to 6-membered heterocycle, in another embodiment a 5-membered or 6-membered heterocycle, which is saturated or unsaturated and comprises a ring nitrogen atom via which Het¹ is bonded and optionally one further ring heteroatom chosen from the series consisting of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur, and which is optionally substituted as indicated with respect to the compounds of formula I in general or in any embodiment specified above or below. In one embodiment, a group Het¹ occurring in the substituent Het¹-C(O)— on an alkyl group representing R¹⁴ does not comprise any further ring heteroatom besides the ring nitrogen atom via which Het¹ is bonded. In one embodiment, a group Het¹ occurring in the substituent Het¹-C(O)— on an alkyl group representing R¹⁴ is saturated or comprises one double bond within the ring, and in another embodiment it is saturated. In one embodiment, the number of substituents which are optionally present on a group Het¹ occurring in the substituent Het¹-C(O)— on an alkyl group representing R¹⁴ is one, two, three or four, in another embodiment one, two or three, in another embodiment one or two, in another embodiment one. In one embodiment, the substituents which are optionally present on a group Het¹ occurring in the substituent Het¹-C(O)— on an alkyl group representing R¹⁴ are chosen from the series consisting of halogen, (C₁-C₄)-alkyl, HO—, (C₁-C₄)-alkyl-O— and oxo, in another embodiment from the series consisting of fluorine, (C₁-C₄)-alkyl, HO— and oxo, in another embodiment from the series consisting of fluorine, (C₁-C₄)-alkyl and oxo, in another embodiment from (C₁-C₄)-alkyl and oxo, in another embodiment they are oxo substituents, and in another embodiment they are (C₁-C₄)-alkyl substituents. In one embodiment, the number of oxo substituents which are optionally present on a group Het¹ occurring in the substituent Het¹-C(O)— on an alkyl group representing R¹⁴, is not greater than two, and in another embodiment it is not greater than one, and in another embodiment no oxo substituents are present on such a group Het¹.

In one embodiment, a group Het³ occurring as a substituent on an alkyl group representing R¹⁴ is a saturated 4-membered to 6-membered monocyclic heterocycle which comprises one or two identical or different ring heteroatoms, and in another embodiment comprises one ring heteroatom, which are chosen from the series consisting of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur, and is bonded via a ring carbon atom and is optionally substituted as indicated with respect to the compounds of formula I in general or in any embodiment specified above or below. In one embodiment, the ring heteroatoms in a group Het³ occurring as a substituent on an alkyl group representing R¹⁴ are chosen from the series consisting of nitrogen and oxygen, in another embodiment from the series consisting of oxygen and sulfur, in another embodiment they are nitrogen atoms, and in another embodiment they are oxygen atoms. In one embodiment, the number of substituents which are optionally present on a group Het³ occurring as a substituent on an alkyl group representing R¹⁴ is one, two, three or four, in another embodiment one, two or three, in another embodiment one or two, in another embodiment one. In one embodiment, the substituents which are optionally present on a group Het³ occurring as a substituent on an alkyl group representing R¹⁴ are chosen from the series consisting of fluorine and (C₁-C₄)-alkyl, in another embodiment from the series consisting of (C₁-C₄)-alkyl and oxo, in another embodiment they are (C₁-C₄)-alkyl substituents, and in another embodiment they are oxo substituents. In one embodiment, the number of oxo substituents which are optionally present on a group Het³ occurring as a substituent on an alkyl group representing R¹⁴, is not greater than two, and in another embodiment it is not greater than one.

In one embodiment, the substituents which are optionally present on an alkyl group representing R¹⁴ are chosen from the series consisting of halogen, HO—, R¹⁶—O—, R¹⁷—O—, oxo, (C₃-C₇)-cycloalkyl, Ar, Het¹, Het³, H₂N—C(O)—, (C₁-C₄)-alkyl-NH—C(O)—, di((C₁-C₄)-alkyl)N—C(O)— and Het¹-C(O)—, in another embodiment from the series consisting of halogen, HO—, R¹⁶—O—, R¹⁷—O—, oxo, (C₃-C₇)-cycloalkyl, Het¹, Het³, H₂N—C(O)—, (C₁-C₄)-alkyl-NH—C(O)—, di((C₁-C₄)-alkyl)N—C(O)— and Het¹-C(O)—, in another embodiment from the series consisting of halogen, HO—, R¹⁶—O—, R¹⁷—O—, oxo, (C₃-C₇)-cycloalkyl, Het¹, Het³, di((C₁-C₄)-alkyl)N—C(O)— and Het¹-C(O)—, in another embodiment from the series consisting of halogen, HO—, R¹⁶—O—, oxo, (C₃-C₇)-cycloalkyl, Het¹ and Het³, in another embodiment from the series consisting of halogen, HO—, R¹⁶—O—, R¹⁷—O—, oxo, (C₃-C₇)-cycloalkyl, Ar, Het¹ and Het³, in another embodiment from the series consisting of HO—, R¹⁶—O—, R¹⁷—O—, oxo, (C₃-C₇)-cycloalkyl, Ar, Het¹, di((C₁-C₄)-alkyl)N—C(O)— and Het¹-C(O)—, in another embodiment from the series consisting of HO—, R¹⁶—O—, R¹⁷—O—, oxo, (C₃-C₇)-cycloalkyl, Ar, di((C₁-C₄)-alkyl)N—C(O)— and Het¹-C(O)—, in another embodiment from the series consisting of HO—, R¹⁶—O—, R¹⁷—O—, oxo, (C₃-C₇)-cycloalkyl and Ar, in another embodiment from the series consisting of HO—, R¹⁶—O—, oxo, (C₃-C₇)-cycloalkyl, di((C₁-C₄)-alkyl)N—C(O)— and Het¹-C(O)—, in another embodiment from the series consisting of HO—, R¹⁶—O—, R¹⁷—O—, oxo, (C₃-C₇)-cycloalkyl, Het¹ and Het³, in another embodiment from the series consisting of HO—, R¹⁶—O—, R¹⁷—O—, oxo, (C₃-C₇)-cycloalkyl and Het³, in another embodiment from the series consisting of HO—, oxo, (C₃-C₇)-cycloalkyl and Het³, in another embodiment from the series consisting of HO—, oxo and (C₃-C₇)-cycloalkyl, in another embodiment from the series consisting of HO—, oxo and Het³, in another embodiment from the series consisting of HO— and oxo, in another embodiment from the series consisting of HO—, R¹⁶—O—, R¹⁷—O—, (C₃-C₇)-cycloalkyl and Het³, in another embodiment from the series consisting of HO—, (C₃-C₇)-cycloalkyl and Het³, in another embodiment from the series consisting of HO— and (C₃-C₇)-cycloalkyl, in another embodiment from the series consisting of HO— and Het³, in another embodiment they are HO— substituents, and in another embodiment they are oxo substituents. In one embodiment, the number of oxo substituents which are optionally present on an alkyl group representing R¹⁴, is not greater than two, and in another embodiment it is not greater than one. In one embodiment, halogen atoms occurring as substituents on an alkyl group representing R¹⁴, are chosen from the series consisting of fluorine and chlorine atoms, and in another embodiment they are fluorine atoms and, besides being substituted by an other substituents, in this latter embodiment an alkyl group representing R¹⁴ is thus optionally substituted by fluorine substituents as applies to alkyl groups in the compounds of the formula I in general.

Examples of groups which can represent R¹⁴, and from any one or more of which R¹⁴ is chosen in one embodiment of the invention, are methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, cyclopropylmethyl, benzyl, 2-hydroxy-ethyl, 2-hydroxy-propyl, 2-hydroxy-butyl, 2-hydroxy-2-methyl-propyl, 2-hydroxy-2-methyl-butyl, 2-hydroxy-3-methyl-butyl, 2-hydroxy-2,3-dimethyl-butyl, 2-hydroxy-3,3-dimethyl-butyl, 2-ethyl-2-hydroxy-butyl, 2-hydroxy-2,3,3-trimethyl-butyl, 2-ethyl-2-hydroxy-3-methyl-butyl, 2-ethyl-2-hydroxy-3,3-dimethyl-butyl, 2-cyclopropyl-2-hydroxy-ethyl, 2-cyclopropyl-2-hydroxy-propyl, 2-cyclopropyl-2-hydroxy-butyl, 2-oxo-propyl, 2-oxo-butyl, 3-methyl-2-oxo-butyl, 3,3-dimethyl-2-oxo-butyl, 2-cyclopropyl-2-oxo-ethyl.

In case the optionally substituted alkyl group representing R¹⁴, including the examples of groups listed afore which can represent R¹⁴, contains a chiral carbon atom, the compound of the formula I can be present with respect to this carbon atom in any of it stereoisomeric forms, i.e. in R configuration or in S configuration, or in the form of a mixture of the stereoisomeric forms in any ratio, for example as a mixture of the two stereoisomeric forms in a molar ratio of 1:1, as applies to all chiral carbon atoms in the compounds of the formula I. In one embodiment of the invention, the compound of the formula I has at a chiral carbon atom in R¹⁴ pure stereochemical configuration, either R configuration or S configuration, or essentially pure stereochemical configuration, for example with a molar ratio of the two configurations of 99:1 or greater.

In one embodiment of the invention, the (C₁-C₆)-alkyl group representing the group R¹⁵ is a (C₁-C₄)-alkyl group, in another embodiment a (C₁-C₂)-alkyl group, in another embodiment a methyl group, wherein all these alkyl groups are optionally substituted by one or more identical or different substituents as indicated with respect to the compounds of formula I in general or in any embodiment specified above or below. In one embodiment of the invention, the number of optional substituents in an alkyl group representing R¹⁵ is one or two, in another embodiment one. In one embodiment, the alkyl group representing R¹⁵ is unsubstituted. In one embodiment, the substituents which are optionally present on an alkyl group representing R¹⁵ are chosen from the series consisting of HO—, oxo and (C₁-C₄)-alkyl-O—.

In one embodiment of the invention, the (C₁-C₆)-alkyl group representing the group R¹⁶ is a (C₁-C₄)-alkyl group, in another embodiment a (C₁-C₃)-alkyl group, in another embodiment a (C₂-C₃)-alkyl group, in another embodiment an ethyl group, in another embodiment a methyl group, wherein all these alkyl groups are optionally substituted by one or more identical or different substituents as indicated with respect to the compounds of formula I in general or in any embodiment specified above or below. In one embodiment of the invention, the number of optional substituents in an alkyl group representing R¹⁶ is one or two, in another embodiment one. In one embodiment, an alkyl group representing R¹⁴ is unsubstituted, in another embodiment it is substituted by one or two identical or different substituents, in another embodiment it is substituted by one substituent. In one embodiment, the substituents which are optionally present on an alkyl group representing R¹⁵ are chosen from the series consisting of HO— and (C₁-C₄)-alkyl-O—, in another embodiment they are HO— substituents, in another embodiment they are (C₁-C₄)-alkyl-O— substituents, and in another embodiment they are (C₁-C₂)-alkyl-O-substituents.

In one embodiment of the invention R¹⁷ is (C₃-C₇)-cycloalkyl-C_(u)H_(2u)— which is optionally substituted by one or more identical or different substituents chosen from the series consisting halogen, (C₁-C₆)-alkyl, HO— and (C₁-C₆)-alkyl-O—, wherein u is an integer chosen from the series consisting of 0, 1, 2 and 3;

In another embodiment of the invention, R¹⁷ is (C₃-C₇)-cycloalkyl-C_(u)H_(2u)— which is optionally substituted by one, two or three identical or different substituents chosen from the series consisting halogen, (C₁-C₆)-alkyl, HO— and (C₁-C₆)-alkyl-O—, wherein u is an integer chosen from the series consisting of 0, 1, 2 and 3. In another embodiment of the invention, R¹⁷ is (C₃-C₇)-cycloalkyl-C_(u)H_(2u)— which is optionally substituted by one or two identical or different substituents chosen from the series consisting of (C₁-C₆)-alkyl and (C₁-C₆)-alkyl-O—, wherein u is an integer 0 or 1.

In one embodiment of the invention, the group R¹⁸ is hydrogen or an (C₁-C₄)-alkyl group, In one embodiment of the invention R¹⁸ is hydrogen.

In one embodiment of the invention, the group R¹⁹ is hydrogen or an (C₁-C₄)-alkyl group, In one embodiment of the invention R¹⁹ is hydrogen.

In one embodiment of the invention, R¹⁸ and R¹⁹ together are chosen from the series consisting of —(CH₂)—(CH₂)—(CH₂)—, —(CH₂)—(CH₂)—(CH₂)—(CH₂)—, —(CH₂)—(CH)═(CH)— and —(CH)═(CH)—(CH)═(CH)—. In another embodiment of the invention, R¹⁸ and R19 together are —(CH)═(CH)—(CH)═(CH)—.

In one embodiment of the invention, the group R³⁰ is chosen from the series consisting of R³¹, (C₃-C₇)-cycloalkyl and Het³-C_(u)H_(2u)—, in another embodiment from the series consisting of (C₃-C₇)-cycloalkyl, R³²—C_(u)H_(2u)— and Het³-C_(u)H_(2u)—, in another embodiment from the series consisting of R³²—C_(u)H_(2u)— and Het³-C_(u)H_(2u)—, in another embodiment R³⁰ is R³²—C_(u)H_(2u)—, and in another embodiment R³⁰ is R³¹. In one embodiment, u is an integer chosen from the series consisting of 0, 1 and 2, in another embodiment from the series consisting of 0 and 1, in another embodiment from the series consisting of 1 and 2, in another embodiment u is 0, and in another embodiment u is 1. In one embodiment, R³⁰ is R³²—C_(u)H_(2u)— and u is 0, i.e., in this embodiment R³⁰ is chosen from the series consisting of phenyl and an aromatic 5-membered or 6-membered monocyclic heterocycle which comprises one, two or three identical or different ring heteroatoms chosen from the series consisting of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur and is bonded via a ring carbon atom, wherein the phenyl and the heterocycle all are optionally substituted as indicated with respect to the compounds of formula I in general or in any embodiment specified above or below. In one embodiment, the divalent alkanediyl group C_(u)H_(2u) is a linear group.

In one embodiment, the (C₃-C₇)-cycloalkyl group representing R³⁰ is a (C₃-C₆)-cycloalkyl group, in another embodiment a (C₅-C₆)-cycloalkyl group, in another embodiment a cyclopropyl group. In one embodiment, a group Het³ occurring in R³⁰ is a saturated 4-membered to 6-membered monocyclic heterocycle, in another embodiment a saturated 5-membered or 6-membered heterocycle, in another embodiment a saturated 6-membered heterocycle, which comprises one or two identical or different ring heteroatoms, and in another embodiment comprises one ring heteroatom, which are chosen from the series consisting of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur, and is bonded via a ring carbon atom and is optionally substituted as indicated with respect to the compounds of formula I in general or in any embodiment specified above or below. In one embodiment, the ring heteroatoms in a group Het³ occurring in R³⁰ are chosen from the series consisting of nitrogen and oxygen, in another embodiment from the series consisting of oxygen and sulfur, in another embodiment they are nitrogen atoms, and in another embodiment they are oxygen atoms. In one embodiment, the number of substituents which are optionally present on a group Het³ occurring in R³⁰ is one, two, three or four, in another embodiment one, two or three, in another embodiment one or two, in another embodiment one, and in another embodiment a group Het³ occurring in R³⁰ is unsubstituted. In one embodiment, the substituents which are optionally present on a group Het³ occurring in R³⁰ are chosen from the series consisting of fluorine and (C₁-C₄)-alkyl, in another embodiment they are (C₁-C₄)-alkyl substituents.

In one embodiment of the invention, the (C₁-C₁₀)-alkyl group representing R³¹ is a (C₁-C₈)-alkyl group, in another embodiment a (C₁-C₄)-alkyl group, in another embodiment a (C₁-C₃)-alkyl group, in another embodiment a (C₁-C₂)-alkyl group, in another embodiment a methyl group, in another embodiment a (C₄-C₈)-alkyl group, in another embodiment a (C₅-C₈)-alkyl group, wherein all these alkyl groups are optionally substituted by one or more identical or different substituents as indicated with respect to the compounds of formula I in general or in any embodiment specified above or below. In one embodiment of the invention, the number of optional substituents in an alkyl group representing R³¹ is one, two or three, in another embodiment one or two, in another embodiment one. In one embodiment, an alkyl group representing R³¹ is unsubstituted, and in another embodiment it is substituted by one, two or three, in another embodiment by one or two, in another embodiment by one substituent as indicated. In one embodiment, the optional substituents on an alkyl group representing R³¹ are chosen from the series consisting of halogen, (C₃-C₇)-cycloalkyl, (C₁-C₆)-alkyl-O— and NC—, in another embodiment from the series consisting of halogen, (C₃-C₇)-cycloalkyl and (C₁-C₆)-alkyl-O—, in another embodiment from the series consisting of halogen and (C₃-C₇)-cycloalkyl, and in another embodiment they are (C₃-C₇)-cycloalkyl substituents. In one embodiment, halogen atoms occurring as substituents on an alkyl group representing R³¹, are chosen from the series consisting of fluorine and chlorine atoms, and in another embodiment they are fluorine atoms and, besides being substituted by an other substituents, in this latter embodiment an alkyl group representing R³¹ is thus optionally substituted by fluorine substituents as applies to alkyl groups in the compounds of the formula I in general. In one embodiment, a (C₃-C₇)-cycloalkyl group occurring as a substituent on an alkyl group representing R³⁰ is a (C₃-C₆)-cycloalkyl group, in another embodiment a (C₅-C₆)-cycloalkyl group, in another embodiment a cyclopropyl group.

In one embodiment of the invention, the group R³² is chosen from the series consisting of phenyl and an aromatic 5-membered or 6-membered monocyclic heterocycle which comprises one or two identical or different ring heteroatoms, in another embodiment one ring heteroatom, which are chosen from the series consisting of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur, and is bonded via a ring carbon atom, in another embodiment from the series consisting of phenyl and an aromatic 6-membered monocyclic heterocycle which comprises one or two nitrogen atoms as ring heteroatoms, wherein the phenyl and the heterocycle all are optionally substituted by one or more identical or different substituents as indicated with respect to the compounds of formula I in general or in any embodiment specified above or below. In one embodiment, the ring heteroatoms in an aromatic heterocycle representing R³² are chosen from the series consisting of nitrogen and sulfur, in another embodiment they are nitrogen atoms. In one embodiment, R³² is chosen from the series consisting of phenyl and an aromatic 6-membered heterocycle as defined, in another embodiment R³² is a 6-membered monocyclic heterocycle as defined, in another embodiment R³² is chosen from the series consisting of phenyl, thiophenyl and pyridinyl, in another embodiment from the series consisting of phenyl and pyridinyl, in another embodiment R³² is phenyl, and in another embodiment R³² is pyridinyl, all of which are optionally substituted by one or more identical or different substituents as indicated with respect to the compounds of formula I in general or in any embodiment specified above or below. In one embodiment, the number of substituents which are optionally present on a phenyl group and an aromatic heterocycle representing R³² is one, two, three or four, in another embodiment one, two or three, in another embodiment one or two, in another embodiment one.

In one embodiment, the substituents which are optionally present on a phenyl group and an aromatic heterocycle representing R³², in particular on a phenyl group, are chosen from the series the series consisting of from halogen, (C₁-C₆)-alkyl, (C₃-C₇)-cycloalkyl, R³³, (C₁-C₆)-alkyl-O—, R³³—O—, R³³—(C₁-C₄)-alkyl-O—, —O—CH₂—O—, —O—CF₂—O—, (C₁-C₆)-alkyl-S(O)_(m)—, H₂N—S(O)₂—, (C₁-C₄)-alkyl-NH—S(O)₂—, di((C₁-C₄)-alkyl)N—S(O)₂—, (C₁-C₆)-alkyl-NH—, di((C₁-C₆)-alkyl)N—, Het¹, (C₁-C₄)-alkyl-C(O)—NH—, Ar—C(O)—NH—, (C₁-C₄)-alkyl-S(O)₂—NH— and NC—, in another embodiment from the series consisting of halogen, (C₁-C₆)-alkyl, (C₃-C₇)-cycloalkyl, R³³, (C₁-C₆)-alkyl-O—, R³³—O—, R³³—(C₁-C₄)-alkyl-O—, —O—CH₂—O—, —O—CF₂—O—, (C₁-C₆)-alkyl-S(O)_(m)—, H₂N—S(O)₂—, (C₁-C₄)-alkyl-NH—S(O)₂—, di((C₁-C₄)-alkyl)N—S(O)₂—, (C₁-C₆)-alkyl-NH—, di((C₁-C₆)-alkyl)N—, Het¹ and NC—, in another embodiment from the series consisting of halogen, (C₁-C₆)-alkyl, (C₃-C₇)-cycloalkyl, R³³, (C₁-C₆)-alkyl-O—, R³³—O—, R³³—(C₁-C₄)-alkyl-O—, —O—CH₂—O—, —O—CF₂—O—, (C₁-C₆)-alkyl-S(O)_(m)—, (C₁-C₆)-alkyl-NH—, di((C₁-C₆)-alkyl)N—, Het¹ and NC—, in another embodiment from the series consisting of halogen, (C₁-C₆)-alkyl, R³³, (C₁-C₆)-alkyl-O—, R³³—O—, —O—CH₂—O—, —O—CF₂—O—, (C₁-C₆)-alkyl-S(O)_(m)—, Het¹ and NC—, in another embodiment from the series consisting of halogen, (C₁-C₆)-alkyl, R³³, (C₁-C₆)-alkyl-O—, R³³—O—, —O—CH₂—O—, —O—CF₂—O— and NC—, in another embodiment from the series consisting of halogen, (C₁-C₆)-alkyl, R³³, (C₁-C₆)-alkyl-O—, R³³—O— and NC—, in another embodiment from the series consisting of halogen, (C₁-C₆)-alkyl, (C₃-C₇)-cycloalkyl, R³³, (C₁-C₆)-alkyl-O—, R³³—O—, R³³—(C₁-C₄)-alkyl-O—, —O—CH₂—O—, —O—CF₂—O—, (C₁-C₆)-alkyl-S(O)_(m)—, di((C₁-C₄)-alkyl)N—S(O)₂—, H₂N—, di((C₁-C₆)-alkyl)N—, Het¹, (C₁-C₄)-alkyl-C(O)—NH—, Ar—C(O)—NH— and NC—, in another embodiment from the series consisting of halogen, (C₁-C₆)-alkyl, (C₃-C₇)-cycloalkyl, R³³, (C₁-C₆)-alkyl-O—, R³³—O—, R³³—(C₁-C₄)-alkyl-O—, —O—CH₂—O—, —O—CF₂—O—, (C₁-C₆)-alkyl-S(O)_(m)—, di((C₁-C₄)-alkyl)N—S(O)₂—, H₂N—, di((C₁-C₆)-alkyl)N—, Het¹ and NC—, in another embodiment from the series consisting of halogen, (C₁-C₆)-alkyl, (C₃-C₇)-cycloalkyl, R³³, (C₁-C₆)-alkyl-O—, R³³—O—, R³³—(C₁-C₄)-alkyl-O—, —O—CH₂—O—, —O—CF₂—O—, (C₁-C₆)-alkyl-S(O)_(m)—, di((C₁-C₄)-alkyl)N—S(O)₂—, di((C₁-C₆)-alkyl)N—, Het¹ and NC—, in another embodiment from the series consisting of halogen, (C₁-C₆)-alkyl, (C₃-C₇)-cycloalkyl, R³³, (C₁-C₆)-alkyl-O—, R³³—O—, R³³—(C₁-C₄)-alkyl-O—, (C₁-C₆)-alkyl-S(O)_(m)—, di((C₁-C₄)-alkyl)N—S(O)₂—, di((C₁-C₆)-alkyl)N—, Het¹ and NC—, in another embodiment from the series consisting of halogen, (C₁-C₆)-alkyl, R³³, (C₁-C₆)-alkyl-O— and R³³—O—, in another embodiment from the series consisting of halogen, (C₁-C₆)-alkyl, R³³ and (C₁-C₆)-alkyl-O—, in another embodiment from the series consisting of halogen, (C₁-C₆)-alkyl and R³³, in another embodiment from the series consisting of halogen and (C₁-C₆)-alkyl. In one embodiment, in case that substituents from the series consisting of (C₃-C₇)-cycloalkyl, R³³, R³³—O—, R³³—(C₁-C₄)-alkyl-O—, —O—CH₂—O—, —O—CF₂—O—, Het¹ and Ar—C(O)—NH— are present on a phenyl group and an aromatic heterocycle representing R³², not more than two such substituents, in another embodiment not more than one such substituent, are present, either without any other substituents or together with any other substituents.

In one embodiment, a (C₁-C₆)-alkyl group occurring in a substituent on a phenyl group and an aromatic heterocycle representing R³² is a (C₁-C₄)-alkyl group, in another embodiment a (C₁-C₃)-alkyl group, in another embodiment a (C₁-C₂)-alkyl group, in another embodiment a methyl group. In one embodiment, a (C₃-C₇)-cycloalkyl group occurring as a substituent on a phenyl group and an aromatic heterocycle representing R³² is a (C₃-C₆)-cycloalkyl group, in another embodiment a (C₃-C₅)-cycloalkyl group, in another embodiment a (C₃-C₄)-cycloalkyl group, in another embodiment it is a cyclopropyl group. In one embodiment, a group Ar occurring in a substituent on a phenyl group and an aromatic heterocycle representing R³² is chosen from the series consisting of phenyl and an aromatic 5-membered or 6-membered heterocycle which comprises one or two identical or different ring heteroatoms, in another embodiment one ring heteroatom, chosen from the series consisting of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur, which is bonded via a ring carbon atom, and in another embodiment it is a phenyl group, which groups all are optionally substituted as indicated with respect to the compounds of formula I in general or in any embodiment specified above or below. In one embodiment, the number of optional substituents on a group Ar occurring in a substituent on a phenyl group and an aromatic heterocycle representing R³² is one or two, in another embodiment one, and the optional substituents are chosen from the series consisting of halogen, (C₁-C₄)-alkyl, (C₁-C₄)-alkyl-O—, (C₁-C₄)-alkyl-S(O)_(m)— and NC—, in another embodiment from the series consisting of halogen, (C₁-C₄)-alkyl and (C₁-C₄)-alkyl-O—, in another embodiment from the series consisting of halogen and (C₁-C₄)-alkyl, and in another embodiment such a group Ar is unsubstituted.

In one embodiment, a group Het¹ occurring as a substituent on a phenyl group or an aromatic heterocycle representing R³² is a saturated or unsaturated 4-membered to 6-membered monocyclic heterocycle, in another embodiment a 5-membered or 6-membered heterocycle, which comprises a ring nitrogen atom via which Het¹ is bonded and optionally one or two further ring heteroatoms, in another embodiment one further ring heteroatom, which are chosen from the series consisting of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur, which is optionally substituted as indicated with respect to the compounds of formula I in general or in any embodiment specified above or below. In one embodiment, a group Het¹ occurring as a substituent on a phenyl group or an aromatic heterocycle representing R³² does not comprise any further ring heteroatom besides the ring nitrogen atom via which Het¹ is bonded. In one embodiment, a group Het¹ occurring as a substituent on a phenyl group or an aromatic heterocycle representing R³² is saturated, in another embodiment it is unsaturated. In one embodiment, the number of substituents which are optionally present on a group Het¹ occurring as a substituent on a phenyl group or an aromatic heterocycle representing R³² is one, two, three or four, in another embodiment one, two or three, in another embodiment one or two, in another embodiment one, and in another embodiment such a group Het¹ is unsubstituted. In one embodiment, the substituents which are optionally present on a group Het¹ occurring as a substituent on a phenyl group or an aromatic heterocycle representing R³² are chosen from the series consisting of halogen, (C₁-C₄)-alkyl, HO—, (C₁-C₄)-alkyl-O— and oxo, in another embodiment from the series consisting of fluorine, (C₁-C₄)-alkyl, HO— and oxo, in another embodiment from the series consisting of fluorine, (C₁-C₄)-alkyl and oxo, and in another embodiment they are (C₁-C₄)-alkyl substituents.

Examples of groups R³² from any one or more of which R³² is chosen in one embodiment of the invention, are phenyl, 2-fluoro-phenyl, 3-fluoro-phenyl, 4-fluoro-phenyl, 2-chloro-phenyl, 3-chloro-phenyl, 4-chloro-phenyl, 3-bromo-phenyl, 4-bromo-phenyl, 2,3-dichloro-phenyl, 2,4-dichloro-phenyl, 2,5-dichloro-phenyl, 2,6-dichloro-phenyl, 3,4-dichloro-phenyl, 2,3-difluoro-phenyl, 2,4-difluoro-phenyl, 2,5-difluoro-phenyl, 2,6-difluoro-phenyl, 3,4-difluoro-phenyl, 2-chloro-6-fluoro-phenyl, 3,4,5-trifluoro-phenyl, 2-methyl-phenyl (o-tolyl), 3-methyl-phenyl (m-tolyl), 4-methyl-phenyl (p-tolyl), 2,3-dimethyl-phenyl, 2,4-dimethyl-phenyl, 2,5-dimethyl-phenyl, 2,6-dimethyl-phenyl, 3,4-dimethyl-phenyl, 2-ethyl-phenyl, 3-ethyl-phenyl, 4-ethyl-phenyl, 3-isopropyl-phenyl, 3-tert-butyl-phenyl, 4-tert-butyl-phenyl, 3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl, 4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl, 2-fluoro-5-methyl-phenyl, 3-chloro-2-methyl-phenyl, 5-chloro-2-methyl-phenyl, 5-chloro-2-fluoro-3-methyl-phenyl, 2-fluoro-3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl, 2-fluoro-5-trifluoromethyl-phenyl, 4-fluoro-3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl, 5-fluoro-3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl, 3-chloro-4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl, 5-chloro-2-trifluoromethyl-phenyl, 5-chloro-3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl, 2-methoxy-phenyl, 3-methoxy-phenyl, 4-methoxy-phenyl, 3-ethoxy-phenyl, 3-propoxy-phenyl, 3-isopropoxy-phenyl, 4-tert-butoxy-phenyl, 3-trifluoromethoxy-phenyl, 4-trifluoromethoxy-phenyl, 3-(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)-phenyl, 5-chloro-2-methoxy-phenyl, 3-chloro-4-methoxy-phenyl, 5-fluoro-3-isopropoxy-phenyl, 2-fluoro-3-trifluoromethoxy-phenyl, 4-methoxy-3,5-dimethyl-phenyl, 3-methoxy-5-trifluoromethyl-phenyl, 2,3-methylenedioxy-phenyl, 2,3-difluoromethylenedioxy-phenyl, 3,4-methylenedioxy-phenyl, 3,4-difluoromethylenedioxy-phenyl, 3-methylsulfanyl-phenyl, 3-ethylsulfanyl-phenyl, 3-trifluoromethylsulfanyl-phenyl, 3-methanesulfonyl-phenyl, 3-ethanesulfonyl-phenyl, 3-sulfamoyl-phenyl, 2-cyano-phenyl, 3-cyano-phenyl, 4-cyano-phenyl, thiophen-2-yl, thiophen-3-yl, 3-chloro-thiophen-2-yl, 4-chloro-thiophen-2-yl, 5-chloro-thiophen-2-yl, 4,5-dichloro-thiophen-2-yl, 5-chloro-thiophen-3-yl, 2,5-dichloro-thiophen-3-yl, 4-methyl-thiophen-2-yl, 5-methyl-thiophen-3-yl, 4,5-dimethyl-thiophen-2-yl, pyridin-2-yl, pyridin-3-yl, pyridin-4-yl, 2-chloro-pyridin-3-yl, 5-chloro-pyridin-2-yl, 6-chloro-pyridin-3-yl, 2-chloro-pyridin-4-yl, 2,6-dichloro-pyridin-3-yl, 6-methoxy-pyridin-3-yl, 2-chloro-6-methoxy-pyridin-3-yl.

In one embodiment of the invention, the group R³³ is chosen from the series consisting of phenyl and an aromatic 5-membered or 6-membered monocyclic heterocycle which comprises one or two identical or different ring heteroatoms, in another embodiment one ring heteroatom, which is chosen from the series consisting of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur, and is bonded via a ring carbon atom, wherein the phenyl and the heterocycle all are optionally substituted by one or more identical or different substituents as indicated with respect to the compounds of formula I in general or in any embodiment specified above or below. In one embodiment, the ring heteroatoms in an aromatic heterocycle representing R³³ are chosen from the series consisting of nitrogen and sulfur, in another embodiment they are nitrogen atoms. In one embodiment, R³³ is chosen from the series consisting of phenyl and an aromatic 6-membered heterocycle as defined, in another embodiment from the series consisting of phenyl and an aromatic 6-membered heterocycle which comprises one or two nitrogen atoms as ring heteroatoms, in another embodiment R³³ is a 6-membered monocyclic heterocycle as defined, in another embodiment it is an aromatic 6-membered heterocycle which comprises one or two nitrogen atoms as ring heteroatoms, in another embodiment R³³ is chosen from the series consisting of phenyl, thiophenyl and pyridinyl, in another embodiment from the series consisting of phenyl and pyridinyl, in another embodiment R³³ is phenyl, and in another embodiment R³³ is pyridinyl, all of which are optionally substituted by one or more identical or different substituents as indicated with respect to the compounds of formula I in general or in any embodiment specified above or below. In one embodiment, the number of substituents which are optionally present on a phenyl group and an aromatic heterocycle representing R³³ is one, two or three, in another embodiment one or two, in another embodiment one.

In one embodiment, the substituents which are optionally present on a phenyl group and an aromatic heterocycle representing R³³, are chosen from the series consisting of halogen, (C₁-C₆)-alkyl, (C₃-C₇)-cycloalkyl, HO—, (C₁-C₆)-alkyl-O—, (C₁-C₆)-alkyl-S(O)_(m)—, H₂N—S(O)₂—, di((C₁-C₄)-alkyl)N—S(O)₂— and NC—, in another embodiment from the series consisting of halogen, (C₁-C₆)-alkyl, (C₃-C₇)-cycloalkyl, HO—, (C₁-C₆)-alkyl-O—, H₂N—S(O)₂—, di((C₁-C₄)-alkyl)N—S(O)₂— and NC—, in another embodiment from the series consisting of halogen, (C₁-C₆)-alkyl, (C₃-C₇)-cycloalkyl, HO—, (C₁-C₆)-alkyl-O— and NC—, are chosen from the series the series consisting of halogen, (C₁-C₄)-alkyl, (C₁-C₄)-alkyl-O—, (C₁-C₄)-alkyl-S(O)_(m)— and NC—, in another embodiment from the series consisting of halogen, (C₁-C₄)-alkyl, (C₁-C₄)-alkyl-O— and NC—, in another embodiment from the series consisting of halogen, (C₁-C₄)-alkyl and (C₁-C₄)-alkyl-O—, in another embodiment from the series consisting of halogen and (C₁-C₄)-alkyl. In one embodiment, a (C₁-C₆)-alkyl group occurring in a substituent on a phenyl group and an aromatic heterocycle representing R³³ is a (C₁-C₄)-alkyl group, in another embodiment a (C₁-C₃)-alkyl group, in another embodiment a (C₁-C₂)-alkyl group, in another embodiment a methyl group. In one embodiment, a (C₃-C₇)-cycloalkyl group occurring as a substituent on a phenyl group and an aromatic heterocycle representing R³² is a (C₃-C₆)-cycloalkyl group, in another embodiment a (C₃-C₅)-cycloalkyl group, in another embodiment a (C₃-C₄)-cycloalkyl group, in another embodiment it is a cyclopropyl group.

In one embodiment of the invention, the group R⁴⁰ is chosen from the series consisting of hydrogen and (C₁-C₂)-alkyl, in another embodiment from the series consisting of hydrogen and methyl, and in another embodiment R⁴⁰ is hydrogen. In case R³⁰ and R⁴⁰ are different and the carbon atom carrying R³⁰ and R⁴⁰ thus is chiral, in one embodiment of the invention the compound of the formula I has at this carbon atom pure stereochemical configuration, either R configuration or S configuration, or essentially pure stereochemical configuration, for example with a molar ratio of the two configurations of 99:1 or greater. In case R³⁰ is R³²—C_(u)H_(2u)— and u is 0, i.e. R³⁰ is phenyl or an aromatic heterocycle as defined, R⁴⁰ is hydrogen and R⁵⁰ is hydrogen, in one embodiment of the invention the compound of the formula I has at the carbon atom carrying R³⁰ and R⁴⁰ pure S configuration, or essentially pure S configuration, for example with a molar ratio of S configuration to R configuration of 99:1 or greater.

In case R³⁰ and R⁴⁰ together are a divalent group (CH₂)_(x), the two groups R³⁰ and R⁴⁰ together with the carbon atom carrying them form a cycloalkane ring chosen from cyclopropane, cyclobutane, cyclopentane and cyclohexane, which carries the moieties —C(O)—NH and —C(R⁵⁰)(R⁶⁰)-G depicted in formula I on the same ring carbon atom. In one embodiment of the invention, the number of (C₁-C₄)-alkyl substituents which are optionally present on the group (CH₂)_(x), is one, two, three or four, in another embodiment one or two, and in another embodiment no alkyl substituents are present on the group (CH₂)_(x). In one embodiment, a (C₁-C₄)-alkyl group occurring as a substituent on the group (CH₂)_(x) is a methyl group. In one embodiment, the integer x is chosen from the series consisting of 2, 4 and 5, in another embodiment from 4 and 5, in another embodiment x is 2, and in another embodiment x is 4. In one embodiment of the invention, R³⁰ and R⁴⁰ together cannot be (CH₂)_(x), and in this embodiment R³⁰ and R⁴⁰ thus only have their other meanings as defined.

In one embodiment of the invention, the group R⁵⁰ is chosen from the series consisting of hydrogen, (C₁-C₄)-alkyl and HO—, in another embodiment from the series consisting of hydrogen and (C₁-C₄)-alkyl, in another embodiment from the series consisting of hydrogen and (C₁-C₂)-alkyl, in another embodiment from the series consisting of hydrogen and methyl, in another embodiment from the series consisting of hydrogen and HO—, and in another embodiment R⁵⁰ is hydrogen.

In one embodiment of the invention, the group R⁶⁰ is chosen from the series consisting of hydrogen and (C₁-C₄)-alkyl, in another embodiment from the series consisting of hydrogen and (C₁-C₃)-alkyl, in another embodiment from the series consisting of hydrogen and (C₁-C₂)-alkyl, in another embodiment from the series consisting of hydrogen and methyl, and in another embodiment R⁶⁰ is hydrogen. In one embodiment of the invention, R⁵⁰ and R⁶⁰ both are hydrogen. In case R⁵⁰ and R⁶⁰ are different and the carbon atom carrying R⁵⁰ and R⁶⁰ thus is chiral, in one embodiment of the invention the compound of the formula I has at this carbon atom pure stereochemical configuration, either R configuration or S configuration, or essentially pure stereochemical configuration, for example with a molar ratio of the two configurations of 99:1 or greater.

In case R⁵⁰ and R⁶⁰ together are a divalent group (CH₂)_(y), the two groups R⁵⁰ and R⁶⁰ together with the carbon atom carrying them form a cycloalkane ring chosen from cyclopropane, cyclobutane, cyclopentane and cyclohexane, which carries the moieties —C(R³⁰)(R⁴⁰)— and G depicted in formula I on the same ring carbon atom. In one embodiment of the invention, the number of (C₁-C₄)-alkyl substituents which are optionally present on the group (CH₂)_(y), is one, two, three or four, in another embodiment one or two, and in another embodiment no alkyl substituents are present on the group (CH₂)_(y). In one embodiment, a (C₁-C₄)-alkyl group occurring as a substituent on the group (CH₂)_(y) is a methyl group. In one embodiment, the integer y is chosen from the series consisting of 2, 4 and 5, in another embodiment from 4 and 5, in another embodiment y is 2, and in another embodiment y is 4. In one embodiment of the invention, R⁵⁰ and R⁶⁰ together cannot be (CH₂)_(y), and in this embodiment R⁵⁰ and R⁶⁰ thus only have their other meanings as defined. In one embodiment of the invention, R⁵⁰ and R⁶⁰ together cannot be (CH₂)_(y) if simultaneously R³⁰ and R⁴⁰ together are (CH₂)_(x).

In case R³⁰ and R⁵⁰ together are a divalent group (CH₂)_(z), the two groups R³⁰ and R⁵⁰ together with the carbon atom carrying them form a cycloalkane ring chosen from cyclopropane, cyclobutane, cyclopentane and cyclohexane. In one embodiment of the invention, the number of (C₁-C₄)-alkyl substituents which are optionally present on the group (CH₂)_(z), is one, two, three or four, in another embodiment one or two, and in another embodiment no alkyl substituents are present on the group (CH₂)_(z). In one embodiment, a (C₁-C₄)-alkyl group occurring as a substituent on the group (CH₂)_(z) is a methyl group. In one embodiment, the integer z is chosen from the series consisting of 1, 2, 3 and 4, in another embodiment from 3 and 4, in another embodiment z is 2, and in another embodiment z is 3. In one embodiment of the invention, R³⁰ and R⁵⁰ together cannot be (CH₂)_(z), and in this embodiment R³⁰ and R⁵⁰ thus only have their other meanings as defined.

In one embodiment of the invention, the group R⁷¹ is chosen from the series consisting of hydrogen and (C₁-C₆)-alkyl, in another embodiment from the series consisting of hydrogen and (C₁-C₄)-alkyl, in another embodiment from the series consisting of hydrogen and (C₁-C₃)-alkyl, in another embodiment from the series consisting of hydrogen and (C₁-C₂)-alkyl, in another embodiment R⁷¹ is hydrogen, in another embodiment R⁷¹ is (C₁-C₆)-alkyl, in another embodiment R⁷¹ is (C₁-C₄)-alkyl, in another embodiment R⁷¹ is (C₁-C₃)-alkyl, and in another embodiment R⁷¹ is (C₁-C₂)-alkyl, wherein all these alkyl groups are optionally substituted as indicated with respect to the compounds of formula I in general or in any embodiment specified above or below. In one embodiment, the number of substituents which are optionally present on an alkyl group representing R⁷¹ is one or two, in another embodiment it is one, in another embodiment an alkyl group representing R⁷¹ is unsubstituted. In one embodiment, substituents which are optionally present on an alkyl group representing R⁷¹ are (C₁-C₆)-alkyl-O— substituents, in another embodiment (C₁-C₄)-alkyl-O— substituents, in another embodiment (C₁-C₃)-alkyl-O— substituents, in another embodiment (C₁-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)—O— substituents, in another embodiment (C₁-C₄)-alkyl-C(O)—O— substituents, in another embodiment (C₁-C₃)-alkyl-C(O)—O— substituents.

In one embodiment the group R⁷² is chosen from the series consisting of hydrogen, (C₁-C₆)-alkyl, (C₃-C₆)-cycloalkyl —CH₂—(CH₂)_(b)—(C₃-C₆)-cycloalkyl and —(CH₂)_(b)-Het⁴, where alkyl or cycloalkyl is optionally substituted by one or more identical or different substituents chosen from the series consisting of halogen, HO—, HOOC—, (C₁-C₆)-alkyl-O— and (C₁-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)—O—, NC—, N((C₁-C₄)-alkyl)₂ and b is 0, 1 or 2 and the group R⁷³ is chosen from the series consisting hydrogen, (C₁-C₆)-alkyl.

In another embodiment the groups R⁷² and R⁷³ together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bonded form a saturated 4-membered to 7-membered monocyclic heterocycle, which contain optionally one further ring heteroatom chosen from the series consisting of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur, which is optionally substituted by one or more identical or different substituents chosen from the series consisting of halogen, (C₁-C₄)-alkyl, HO— and (C₁-C₄)-alkyl-O—.

In another embodiment the group R⁷² is chosen from the series consisting of hydrogen, (C₁-C₆)-alkyl, (C₃-C₆)-cycloalkyl, Het⁴ and —CH₂-Het⁴, where alkyl or cycloalkyl is optionally substituted by one or more identical or different substituents chosen from the series consisting of halogen, HO—, HOOC—, (C₁-C₆)-alkyl-O— and (C₁-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)—O—, NC—, N((C₁-C₄)-alkyl)₂ and the group R⁷³ is chosen from the series consisting hydrogen, (C₁-C₆)-alkyl.

In another embodiment the groups R⁷² and R⁷³ together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bonded form a saturated 5-membered to 6-membered monocyclic heterocycle, which contain optionally one further ring heteroatom chosen from the series consisting of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur, which is optionally substituted by one or more identical or different substituents chosen from the series consisting of halogen, (C₁-C₄)-alkyl, HO— and (C₁-C₄)-alkyl-O—.

In one embodiment the group R⁷² is chosen from the series consisting of hydrogen, (C₁-C₆)-alkyl, (C₃-C₆)-cycloalkyl and —CH₂-Het⁴, where alkyl or cycloalkyl is optionally substituted by one or more identical or different substituents chosen from the series consisting of halogen, HO—, HOOC—, (C₁-C₆)-alkyl-O— and (C₁-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)—O—, NC—, N((C₁-C₄)-alkyl)₂ and the group R⁷³ is chosen from the series consisting hydrogen and (C₁-C₆)-alkyl.

In another embodiment the groups R⁷² and R⁷³ together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bonded form a saturated 5-membered to 6-membered monocyclic heterocycle, which contain no further ring heteroatoms, which is optionally substituted by one or more identical or different substituents chosen from the series consisting of halogen, (C₁-C₄)-alkyl, HO— and (C₁-C₄)-alkyl-O—.

In one embodiment the group R⁷² is chosen from the series consisting of hydrogen, 2,2-dimethyl-butane-3yl, 2,2-dimethyl-propane-3yl, pentan-3yl, propane-2yl, 1,2-methyl-propane-2yl, butane-1yl, butane-2yl, 1,2-methyl-butane-3yl, 1,2-methyl-butane-2-yl, —CH₂CHF₂, —CHCF₃, CH₂CN, —CH₂CH₂OCH₃, —CH(CH₂OH)CH(CH₃)₂, —CH₂C(CH₃)₂—CH₂OH, CH(C₂H₅)CH₂OCH₃, CH₂CH₂CH₂N(CH₃)₂, cyclopropane, cyclobutane, cyclopentane, cyclohexane and —CH₂-Het⁴ and the group R⁷³ is hydrogen.

In another embodiment the groups R⁷² and R⁷³ together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bonded form pyrrolidine, which is optionally substituted by HO—. In another embodiment the group R⁷² is chosen from the series consisting of hydrogen, (C₁-C₆)-alkyl, where alkyl is substituted by one or more times by HO— and the group R⁷³ is hydrogen.

In one embodiment of the invention, the groups R⁷² and R⁷³ are independently of each other chosen from the series consisting of hydrogen and (C₁-C₂)-alkyl, in another embodiment from the series consisting of hydrogen and methyl. In one embodiment, one of the groups R⁷² and R⁷³ is hydrogen and the other is chosen from the series consisting of hydrogen and (C₁-C₄)-alkyl, in another embodiment from the series consisting of hydrogen and (C₁-C₂)-alkyl, in another embodiment from the series consisting of hydrogen an methyl, and in another embodiment both groups R⁷² and R⁷³ are hydrogen.

In one embodiment of the invention the group Het⁴, independently of each other group Het⁴, is a saturated or unsaturated 4-membered to 8-membered monocyclic heterocycle which comprises one to four ring heteroatoms chosen from the series consisting of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur which is optionally substituted by one or more identical or different substituents chosen from the series consisting of halogen, (C₁-C₄)-alkyl, HO—, oxo and NC—;

In another embodiment the group Het⁴, independently of each other group Het⁴, is a saturated or unsaturated 5-membered to 6-membered monocyclic heterocycle which comprises one to four ring heteroatoms chosen from the series consisting of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur which is optionally substituted by one or more identical or different substituents chosen from the series consisting of halogen, (C₁-C₄)-alkyl, HO—, (C₁-C₄)-alkyl-O—, oxo and NC—; In another embodiment the group Het⁴, independently of each other group Het⁴, is a unsaturated 5-membered to 6-membered monocyclic heterocycle which comprises one to four ring heteroatoms chosen from the series consisting of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur which is optionally substituted by one or more identical or different substituents chosen from the series consisting of halogen, (C₁-C₄)-alkyl, HO—, (C₁-C₄)-alkyl-O— and NC—; In another embodiment the group Het⁴, independently of each other group Het⁴, is selected from 1,2-oxadiazolyl, tetrazlolyl, pyrazolyl, furanyl, pyridinyl, pyriminyl, which is optionally substituted by methyl.

In one embodiment of the invention, a group Ar in any occurrence in the compounds of the formula I, independently of each other group Ar, is chosen from the series consisting of phenyl and an aromatic 5-membered or 6-membered monocyclic heterocycle which comprises one or two identical or different ring heteroatoms, in another embodiment one ring heteroatom, which is chosen from the series consisting of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur, and which is bonded via a ring carbon atom, in another embodiment Ar is chosen from the series consisting of phenyl and an aromatic 6-membered heterocycle which comprises one or two nitrogen atoms as ring heteroatoms, in another embodiment Ar is chosen from the series consisting of phenyl, thiophenyl and pyridinyl, in another embodiment from the series consisting of phenyl and thiophenyl, in another embodiment from the series consisting of phenyl and pyridinyl, in another embodiment a group Ar is phenyl, and in another embodiment a group Ar is pyridinyl, wherein the phenyl and all heterocycles are optionally substituted as indicated with respect to the compounds of formula I in general or in any embodiment specified above or below. In one embodiment, the number of substituents which are optionally present on a group Ar, independently of each other group Ar, is one, two, three or four, in another embodiment one, two or three, in another embodiment one or two, in another embodiment one, and in another embodiment a group Ar is unsubstituted. In one embodiment, in case that substituents from the series consisting of —O—CH₂—O— and —O—CF₂—O— are present on a group Ar, not more than two such substituents, in another embodiment not more than one such substituent, are present, either without any other substituents or together with any other substituents. In one embodiment, the substituents which are optionally present on a group Ar, independently of each other group Ar, are chosen from the series consisting of halogen, (C₁-C₆)-alkyl, (C₁-C₆)-alkyl-O—, —O—CH₂—O—, —O—CF₂—O—, (C₁-C₆)-alkyl-S(O)_(m)— and NC—, in another embodiment from the series consisting of halogen, (C₁-C₆)-alkyl, (C₁-C₆)-alkyl-S(O)_(m)— and NC—, in another embodiment from the series consisting of halogen, (C₁-C₆)-alkyl, (C₁-C₆)-alkyl-O— and NC—, in another embodiment from the series consisting of halogen, (C₁-C₆)-alkyl and (C₁-C₆)-alkyl-O—, in another embodiment from the series consisting of halogen, (C₁-C₄)-alkyl and (C₁-C₄)-alkyl-O—, in another embodiment from the series consisting of halogen and (C₁-C₄)-alkyl.

A subject of the invention are all compounds of the formula I wherein any one or more structural elements such as groups, substituents and numbers are defined as in any of the specified embodiments or definitions of the elements or have one or more of the specific meanings which are mentioned herein as examples of elements, wherein all combinations of one or more specified embodiments and/or definitions and/or specific meanings of the elements are a subject of the present invention. Also with respect to all such compounds of the formula I, all their stereoisomeric forms and mixtures of stereoisomeric forms in any ratios, and their physiologically acceptable salts, and the physiologically acceptable solvates of any of them, are a subject of the present invention.

As an example of compounds of the invention which with respect to any structural elements are defined as in specified embodiments of the invention or definitions of such elements, compounds of the formula I may be mentioned wherein

G is R⁷¹—O—C(O)— and R⁷²—N(R⁷³)—C(O)—;

R⁷¹ is chosen from the series consisting of hydrogen and (C₁-C₈)-alkyl;

R⁷² is chosen from the series consisting of hydrogen, (C₁-C₆)-alkyl;

R⁷³ is chosen from the series consisting of hydrogen, (C₁-C₆)-alkyl;

and all other groups and numbers are defined as in the general definition of the compounds of the formula I or in any specified embodiments of the invention or definitions of structural elements, in any of their stereoisomeric forms or a mixture of stereoisomeric forms in any ratio, and their physiologically acceptable salts, and the physiologically acceptable solvates of any of them.

As an example of compounds of the invention which with respect to any structural elements are defined as in specified embodiments of the invention or definitions of such elements, compounds of the formula I may be mentioned wherein

R⁵⁰ is hydrogen;

R⁶⁰ is hydrogen;

and all other groups and numbers are defined as in the general definition of the compounds of the formula I or in any specified embodiments of the invention or definitions of structural elements, in any of their stereoisomeric forms or a mixture of stereoisomeric forms in any ratio, and their physiologically acceptable salts, and the physiologically acceptable solvates of any of them.

As an example of compounds of the invention which with respect to any structural elements are defined as in specified embodiments of the invention or definitions of such elements, compounds of the formula I may be mentioned wherein

A is chosen from the series consisting of C(R¹);

D is N(R²);

E is N;

R¹ is chosen from the series consisting of hydrogen, halogen and (C₁-C₄)-alkyl;

R² is Ar—C_(s)H_(2s)—, wherein s is an integer chosen from the series consisting of 0 and 1;

and all other groups and numbers are defined as in the general definition of the compounds of the formula I or in any specified embodiments of the invention or definitions of structural elements, in any of their stereoisomeric forms or a mixture of stereoisomeric forms in any ratio, and their physiologically acceptable salts, and the physiologically acceptable solvates of any of them.

As an example of compounds of the invention which with respect to any structural elements are defined as in specified embodiments of the invention or definitions of such elements, compounds of the formula I may be mentioned wherein

A is chosen from the series consisting of C(R¹);

R³⁰ is R³²—C_(u)H_(2u)—, wherein u is an integer chosen from the series consisting of 0 and 1;

R³² is chosen from the series consisting of phenyl and an aromatic 5-membered or 6-membered monocyclic heterocycle which comprises one, two or three identical or different ring heteroatoms chosen from the series consisting of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur and is bonded via a ring carbon atom, wherein the phenyl and the heterocycle all are optionally substituted by one or more identical or different substituents chosen from the series consisting of halogen, (C₁-C₆)-alkyl, (C₃-C₇)-cycloalkyl, R³³, HO—, (C₁-C₆)-alkyl-O—, R³³—O—, R³³—(C₁-C₄)-alkyl-O—, —O—CH₂—O—, —O—CF₂—O—, (C₁-C₆)-alkyl-S(O)_(m)—, H₂N—S(O)₂—, (C₁-C₄)-alkyl-NH—S(O)₂—, di((C₁-C₄)-alkyl)N—S(O)₂—, H₂N—, (C₁-C₆)-alkyl-NH—, di((C₁-C₆)-alkyl)N—, Het¹, (C₁-C₄)-alkyl-C(O)—NH—, Ar—C(O)—NH—, (C₁-C₄)-alkyl-S(O)₂—NH— and NC—; R³³ is chosen from the series consisting of phenyl and an aromatic 5-membered or 6-membered monocyclic heterocycle which comprises one, two or three identical or different ring heteroatoms chosen from the series consisting of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur and is bonded via a ring carbon atom, wherein the phenyl and the heterocycle all are optionally substituted by one or more identical or different substituents chosen from the series consisting of halogen, (C₁-C₆)-alkyl, (C₃-C₇)-cycloalkyl, HO—, (C₁-C₆)-alkyl-O—, (C₁-C₆)-alkyl-S(O)_(m)—, H₂N—S(O)₂—, (C₁-C₄)-alkyl-NH—S(O)₂—, di((C₁-C₄)-alkyl)N—S(O)₂— and NC—; R⁴⁰ is hydrogen; and all other groups and numbers are defined as in the general definition of the compounds of the formula I or in any specified embodiments of the invention or definitions of structural elements, in any of their stereoisomeric forms or a mixture of stereoisomeric forms in any ratio, and their physiologically acceptable salts, and the physiologically acceptable solvates of any of them.

As an example of compounds of the invention which with respect to any structural elements are defined as in specified embodiments of the invention or definitions of such elements, compounds of the formula I may be mentioned wherein

A is chosen from the series consisting of C(R¹);

R² is Ar—C_(s)H_(2s)—, wherein s is an integer 0;

R³⁰ is R³²—C_(u)H_(2u)— wherein u is an integer 0;

R⁴⁰ is hydrogen;

and all other groups and numbers are defined as in the general definition of the compounds of the formula I or in any specified embodiments of the invention or definitions of structural elements, in any of their stereoisomeric forms or a mixture of stereoisomeric forms in any ratio, and their physiologically acceptable salts, and the physiologically acceptable solvates of any of them.

As an example of compounds of the invention which with respect to any structural elements are defined as in specified embodiments of the invention or definitions of such elements, compounds of the formula I may be mentioned wherein

A is chosen from the series consisting of C(R¹);

D is N(R²);

E is N;

R¹ is chosen from the series consisting of hydrogen, halogen and (C₁-C₄)-alkyl;

R² and R¹¹ together are —C(R¹⁸)═C(R¹⁹)—.

R¹⁸ and R¹⁹ together are —(CH)═(CH)—(CH)═(CH)—;

and all other groups and numbers are defined as in the general definition of the compounds of the formula I or in any specified embodiments of the invention or definitions of structural elements, in any of their stereoisomeric forms or a mixture of stereoisomeric forms in any ratio, and their physiologically acceptable salts, and the physiologically acceptable solvates of any of them.

A subject of the invention also is a compound of the formula I which is chosen from any of the specific compounds of the formula I which are disclosed herein, or is any one of the specific compounds of the formula I which are disclosed herein, irrespective thereof whether they are disclosed as a free compound and/or as a specific salt, or a physiologically acceptable salt thereof, or a physiologically acceptable solvate of any of them, wherein the compound of the formula I is a subject of the invention in any of its stereoisomeric forms or a mixture of stereoisomeric forms in any ratio. For example, a subject of the invention is a compound of the formula I which is chosen from

-   (S)-3-{[5-(Benzoyl-methyl-amino)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonyl]-amino}-3-(2-chloro-phenyl)-propionic     acid, -   (S)-3-{[5-(2-Hydroxy-3,3-dimethyl-butylamino)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonyl]-amino}-3-o-tolyl-propionic     acid, -   (S)-3-[(5-Benzoylamino-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonyl)-amino]-3-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-propionic     acid, -   (S)-3-{[5-(Benzoyl-methyl-amino)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonyl]-amino}-3-(3-chloro-phenyl)-propionic     acid, -   (S)-3-{[5-(3,3-Dimethyl-2-oxo-butylamino)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonyl]-amino}-3-o-tolyl-propionic     acid, -   (S)-3-{[5-Amino-1-(2-fluoro-phenyl)-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonyl]-amino}-3-o-tolyl-propionic     acid, -   (S)-3-{[1-Phenyl-5-(3-phenyl-ureido)-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonyl]-amino}-3-o-tolyl-propionic     acid, -   {1-[(5-Benzoylamino-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonyl)-amino]-cyclopentyl}-acetic     acid, -   (S)-3-{[5-((S)-2-Hydroxy-3,3-dimethyl-butylamino)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonyl]-amino}-3-o-tolyl-propionic     acid, -   (S)-3-[(1-Phenyl-5-pyrrolidin-1-yl-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonyl)-amino]-3-o-tolyl-propionic     acid, -   (S)-3-({5-[(2,2-Dimethyl-propionyl)-methyl-amino]-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonyl}-amino)-3-o-tolyl-propionic     acid, -   (S)-3-{[5-(1,1-Dioxo-1lambda6-isothiazolidin-2-yl)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonyl]-amino}-3-o-tolyl-propionic     acid, -   (S)-3-[(5-Methanesulfonylamino-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonyl)-amino]-3-o-tolyl-propionic     acid, -   (S)-3-(2,4-Dichloro-phenyl)-3-{[5-(2,2-dimethyl-propionylamino)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonyl]-amino}-propionic     acid, -   3-{[5-Amino-1-(2-fluoro-phenyl)-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonyl]-amino}-3-(4′-fluoro-biphenyl-4-yl)-propionic     acid, -   (S)-3-{[5-Amino-4-cyano-1-(2-fluoro-phenyl)-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonyl]-amino}-3-o-tolyl-propionic     acid, -   (S)-3-{[5-(2,2-Dimethyl-propionylamino)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonyl]-amino}-3-o-tolyl-propionic     acid, -   3-{[5-Amino-1-(2-fluoro-phenyl)-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonyl]-amino}-3-(4-pyridin-2-yl-phenyl)-propionic     acid, -   (S)-3-{[1-(2-Fluoro-phenyl)-5-pyrrolidin-1-yl-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonyl]-amino}-3-o-tolyl-propionic     acid, -   (S)-3-{[5-Amino-1-(2-fluoro-phenyl)-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonyl]-amino}-3-(2,3-dichloro-phenyl)-propionic     acid, -   3-[(5-Benzoylamino-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonyl)-amino]-3-cyclohexyl-propionic     acid, -   (S)-3-[(5-Amino-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonyl)-amino]-3-o-tolyl-propionic     acid, -   (S)-3-{[1-(2-Fluoro-phenyl)-5-(2-oxo-pyrrolidin-1-yl)-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonyl]-amino}-3-o-tolyl-propionic     acid, -   (S)-3-{[1-Phenyl-5-(pyridin-2-ylamino)-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonyl]-amino}-3-o-tolyl-propionic     acid, -   (S)-3-{[5-((R)-2-Hydroxy-3,3-dimethyl-butylamino)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonyl]-amino}-3-o-tolyl-propionic     acid, -   (S)-3-[(4H-Benzo[4,5]imidazo[1,2-b]pyrazole-2-carbonyl)-amino]-3-o-tolyl-propionic     acid, -   (S)-3-({5-[2-((1R,2S,5R)-2-Isopropyl-5-methyl-cyclohexyloxy)-acetylamino]-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonyl}-amino)-3-o-tolyl-propionic     acid, -   (S)-3-{[5-(1,1-Dioxo-1lambda6-isothiazolidin-2-yl)-1-(2-fluoro-phenyl)-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonyl]-amino}-3-o-tolyl-propionic     acid, -   (S)-3-{[5-(2-Hydroxy-2,3,3-trimethyl-butylamino)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonyl]-amino}-3-o-tolyl-propionic     acid, -   (S)-3-({5-[(2-Hydroxy-3,3-dimethyl-butyl)-methyl-amino]-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonyl}-amino)-3-o-tolyl-propionic     acid and -   (S)-3-{[5-(Benzoyl-methyl-amino)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonyl]-amino}-3-o-tolyl-propionic     acid     or which is any one of these compounds, or a physiologically     acceptable salt thereof, or a physiologically acceptable solvate of     any of them, wherein the compound of the formula I is a subject of     the invention in any of its stereoisomeric forms or a mixture of     stereoisomeric forms in any ratio, unless a specific stereoisomeric     form is specified with respect to any carbon atoms in the respective     compound.

Another subject of the present invention are processes for the preparation of the compounds of the formula I which are outlined below and by which the compounds are obtainable. For example, the preparation of the compounds of the formula I can be carried out by reacting a compound of the formula II with a compound of the formula III with formation of an amide bond. Various synthetic methods for the formation of the amide bond are described in C. A. G. N. Montalbetti et al., Tetrahedron 61 (2005), 10827-10852, for example.

The groups A, D, E, G, R¹⁰, R¹¹, R³⁰, R⁴⁰, R⁵⁰ and R⁶⁰ in the compounds of the formulae II and III are defined as in the compounds of the formula I and additionally functional groups can be present in protected form or in the form of a precursor group which is later converted into the final group. The group J in the compounds of the formula II can be HO— (hydroxy), i.e. the compound of the formula II can thus be a carboxylic acid, or another group which can be replaced by the group NH in the compound of the formula III in a substitution reaction, for example an aryloxy group such as optionally substituted phenoxy or an alkyloxy group such as a (C₁-C₄)-alkyl-O— group, for example a (C₁-C₃)-alkyl-O— group like methoxy or ethoxy, or halogen, for example chlorine or bromine, and the compound of the formula II can thus be a reactive ester like an aryl ester or alkyl ester, for example a methyl ester or ethyl ester, or an acid halide, for example an acid chloride or acid bromide, of the respective carboxylic acid. The compounds of the formulae II and III can also be employed, and the compounds of the formula I obtained, in the form of a salt, for example an acid addition salt such as an hydrohalide, for example a hydrochloride, of the compound of the formula III and/or an alkaline metal salt, for example a sodium salt, of a compound of the formula II in which J is HO—. Likewise, in all other reactions in the preparation of the compounds of the formula I, including the preparation of starting compounds, compounds can also be employed and/or products obtained in the form a salt.

In case a compound of the formula II is employed in which J is HO—, the carboxylic acid group HO—C(O)— is generally activated in situ by means of a customary amide coupling reagent or converted into a reactive carboxylic acid derivative which can be prepared in situ or isolated. For example, the compound of the formula II in which J is HO— can be converted into an acid halide, such as the compound of the formula II in which J is chlorine or bromine, by treatment with thionyl chloride, phosphorus pentachloride, phosphorus tribromide or oxalyl chloride, or treated with an alkyl chloroformate like ethyl chloroformate or isobutyl chloroformate to give a mixed anhydride. In a favorable method for the conversion into the acid chloride, the acid is treated with oxalyl chloride in the presence of a catalytic amount of an amide such as N,N-dimethylformamide in an inert solvent such as a hydrocarbon or chlorinated hydrocarbon or an ether, at temperatures from about 0° C. to about 60° C., for example at room temperature. Customary amide coupling reagents which can be employed, are propanephosphonic anhydride, N,N′-carbonyldiazoles like N,N′-carbonyldiimidazole (CDI), carbodiimides like 1,3-diisopropylcarbodiimide (DIC), 1,3-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) or 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC), carbodiimides together with additives like 1-hydroxy-benzotriazole (HOBT) or 1-hydroxy-7-azabenzotriazole (HOAT), uronium-based coupling reagents like O-(7-azabenzotriazol-1-yl)-N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate (HATU), O-(benzotriazol-1-yl)-N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate (HBTU) or O-(cyano(ethoxycarbonyl)methyleneamino)-N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyluronium tetrafluoroborate (TOTU), and phosphonium-based coupling reagents like (benzotriazol-1-yloxy)tris(dimethylamino)phosphonium hexafluorophosphate (BOP), (benzotriazol-1-yloxy)tripyrrolidinophosphonium hexafluorophosphate (PyBOP) or bromotripyrrolidinophosphonium hexafluorophosphate (PyBroP).

The reaction conditions for the preparation of the compounds of the formula I from compounds of the formulae II and III depend on the particulars of the specific case, for example the meaning of the group J or the employed coupling reagent, and are familiar to a skilled person in view of the general knowledge in the art. For example, in case a compound of the formula II in which J is alkyl-O—, like methoxy or ethoxy, is reacted with a compound of the formula III, generally the reaction is carried out in an inert solvent, for example a hydrocarbon or chlorinated hydrocarbon like benzene, toluene, xylene, chlorobenzene, dichloromethane, chloroform or dichloroethane, an ether like tetrahydrofuran (THF), 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, dioxane, dibutyl ether, diisopropyl ether or dimethoxyethane (DME), or a mixture of solvents, at elevated temperatures, for example at temperatures from about 40° C. to about 140° C., in particular at temperatures from about 50° C. to about 120° C., for example at about the boiling temperature of the solvent. In case a compound of the formula II in which J is halogen, like chlorine or bromine, is reacted with a compound of the formula III, generally the reaction is likewise carried out in an inert solvent, for example a hydrocarbon or chlorinated hydrocarbon or ether like the aforementioned ones, an ester like ethyl acetate or butyl acetate, a nitrile like acetonitrile, or water, or a mixture of solvents including a mixture of water and an organic solvent which is miscible or immiscible with water, at temperatures from about −10° C. to about 100° C., in particular at temperatures from about 0° C. to about 80° C., for example at about room temperature. Favorably, the reaction of a compound of the formula II in which J is halogen with a compound of the formula III is carried out in the presence of a base such as a tertiary amine, like triethylamine, N-ethyl-diisopropylamine (EDIA), N-methylmorpholine, N-ethylmorpholine or pyridine, or an inorganic base such as an alkaline metal hydroxide, carbonate or hydrogencarbonate, like sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium carbonate or sodium hydrogencarbonate.

In case a compound of the formula II in which J is HO— is reacted with a compound of the formula III and the carboxylic acid group is activated by means of an amide coupling reagent such as, for example, a carbodiimide or TOTU, the reaction is generally carried out under anhydrous conditions in an inert aprotic solvent, for example an ether like THF, dioxane or DME, an amide like N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) or N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP), at temperatures from about −10° C. to about 40° C., in particular at temperatures from about 0° C. to about 30° C., for example at room temperature, in the presence of a base such as a tertiary amine, like triethylamine, EDIA, N-methylmorpholine or N-ethylmorpholine. In case the compound of the formula III is employed in the form of an acid addition salt in the reaction with the compound of the formula II, usually a sufficient amount of a base is added in order to liberate the free compound of the formula III.

As indicated above, during the formation of the amide bond between the compounds of the formulae II and III functional groups in the compounds of the formulae II and III can be present in protected form or in the form of a precursor group. Depending on the particulars of the specific case, it may be necessary or advisable for avoiding an undesired course of the reaction or side reactions to temporarily block any functional groups by protective groups and remove them later, or to let functional groups be present in the form of a precursor group which is later converted into the desired final group. This applies correspondingly to all reactions in the course of the synthesis of the compounds of the formula I including the synthesis of intermediates, starting compounds and building blocks. Respective synthetic strategies are commonly used in the art. Details about protective groups and their introduction and removal are described in P. G. M. Wuts and T. W. Greene, Greene's Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, 4. ed. (2007), John Wiley & Sons, for example. Examples of protective groups which may be mentioned, are benzyl protective groups which may occur in the form of benzyl ethers of hydroxy groups and benzyl esters of carboxylic acid groups from which the benzyl group can be removed by catalytic hydrogenation in the presence of a palladium catalyst, tert-butyl protective groups which may occur in the form of tert-butyl esters of carboxylic acid groups from which the tert-butyl group can be removed by treatment with trifluoroacetic acid, acyl protective groups which may be used to protect hydroxy groups and amino groups in the form of esters and amides and which can be cleaved by acidic or basic hydrolysis, and alkyloxycarbonyl protective groups which may occur in the form of tert-butoxycarbonyl derivatives of amino groups which can be cleaved by treatment with trifluoroacetic acid. Undesired reactions of carboxylic acid groups, for example the carboxylic acid group present in the compound of the formula III in case G is a carboxylic acid group in the desired compound of the formula I, can also be avoided by employing them in the reaction with the compounds of the formula II in the form of other esters, for example in the form of alkyl esters like the methyl or ethyl ester which can be cleaved by hydrolysis, for example by means of an alkaline metal hydroxide like sodium hydroxide or lithium hydroxide. As examples of a precursor group, the cyano group (NC—, N≡C—) may be mentioned which can be converted into a carboxylic acid group, a carboxylic acid ester group and a carboxamide group under hydrolytic conditions or into a aminomethyl group by reduction, and the nitro group which can be converted into an amino group by reduction, for example by catalytic hydrogenation or by reduction with sodium dithionite, for example. A further example of a precursor group is an oxo group, which may initially be present in the course of the synthesis of compounds of the formula I containing a hydroxy group, and which can be reduced, for example with a complex hydride such as sodium borohydride, or reacted with an organometallic compound, for example a Grignard compound. If any protective groups or precursor groups are present in the compounds of the formulae II and III and the direct product of the reaction is not yet the desired final compound, the removal of the protective group or conversion into the desired compound can in general also be carried out in situ.

The starting compounds for the synthesis of the compounds of the formula I can generally be prepared according to procedures described in the literature or analogously to such procedures, or are commercially available.

The β-amino acids and derivatives of the formula III are commercially available or can be synthesized by well-known standard methods, or analogously to such methods, from readily available starting compounds. For example, for the preparation of β-amino acids and their alkyl esters of the formula III in which R⁵⁰ and R⁶⁰ are hydrogen, can carbonyl compounds of the formula R³⁰—C(O)—R⁴⁰, in particular aldehydes of the formula R³²—C(O)—H, be reacted with malonic acid mono-ethyl ester and ammonia in the presence of a base such as an alkaline metal hydroxide like potassium hydroxide in a solvent such as an alcohol like ethanol, as described in V. M. Rodionov et al., Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Ser. Khim. (1952), 696-702 (Chem. Abstr. 47 (1953), abstr. no. 61888), or ammonia added to the double bond in the condensation product of the carbonyl compound with malonic acid or diethyl malonate and in the case of the condensation product with diethyl malonate the reaction product treated with an acid such as hydrochloric acid, as described in V. Scudi, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 57 (1935), 1279; or M. K. Tse et al., Chem. Eur. J. 12 (2006), 1855-1874, and in the obtained product an ester group hydrolyzed to the carboxylic acid, or a carboxylic acid group esterified, respectively, as desired and outlined above. Enantiomerically pure such compounds of the formula III, for example, can be obtained from the racemic compounds by crystallization of a salt with an optically active acid, such as tartaric acid, by stereoselective enzymatic or microbial degradation, for example as described in the mentioned article by M. K. Tse et al., or in J. Mano et al., Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biochemistry 70 (2006), 1941-1946. In another strategy for the synthesis of such compounds, in particular compounds in which R⁴⁰, R⁵⁰ and R⁶⁰ are hydrogen and R³⁰ is R³², the respective 3-substituted acrylic acid, which can be obtained from the corresponding aldehyde, is converted into the acid chloride, for example with oxalyl chloride, and the acid chloride converted with an alcohol into an ester, for example into the tert-butyl ester using tert-butanol, and the amino group is then introduced by reaction with the lithium salt of an optically active amine, for example the lithium salt of (R)-(+)-N-benzyl-N-(1-phenylethyl)amine, and in the obtained 3-substituted tert-butyl 3-(N-benzyl-N-(1-phenylethyl)amino)propionate the benzyl group and the phenylethyl group is cleaved off by means of catalytic hydrogenation (cf. S. G. Davies et al., Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 2 (1991), 183-186); S. G. Davies et al., J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 1 (1994), 1129-1139).

Another subject of the present invention are the novel starting compounds and intermediates occurring in the synthesis of the compounds of the formula I, in any of their stereoisomeric forms or a mixture of stereoisomeric forms in any ratio, and their salts, and solvates of any of them, and their use as synthetic intermediates or starting compounds. All general explanations, specifications of embodiments and definitions of numbers and groups given above with respect to the compounds of the formula I apply correspondingly to the said intermediates and starting compounds. A subject of the invention are in particular the novel specific starting compounds and intermediates described herein. Independently thereof whether they are described as a free compound and/or as a specific salt, they are a subject of the invention both in the form of the free compounds and in the form of their salts, and if a specific salt is described, additionally in the form of this specific salt.

The compounds of the formula I inhibit the protease cathepsin A as can be demonstrated in the pharmacological test described below and in other tests which are known to a person skilled in the art. The compounds of the formula I and their physiologically acceptable salts and solvates therefore are valuable pharmaceutical active compounds. The compounds of the formula I and their physiologically acceptable salts and solvates can be used for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases such as heart failure including systolic heart failure, diastolic heart failure, diabetic heart failure and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, cardiomyopathy, myocardial infarction, left ventricular dysfunction including left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction, cardiac hypertrophy, myocardial remodeling including myocardial remodeling after infarction or after cardiac surgery, valvular heart diseases, vascular hypertrophy, vascular remodeling including vascular stiffness, hypertension including pulmonary hypertension, portal hypertension and systolic hypertension, atherosclerosis, peripheral arterial occlusive disease (PAOD), restenosis, thrombosis and vascular permeability disorders, ischemia and/or reperfusion damage including ischemia and/or reperfusion damage of the heart and ischemia and/or reperfusion damage of the retina, inflammation and inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis, renal diseases such as renal papillary necrosis and renal failure including renal failure after ischemia/reperfusion, pulmonary diseases such as cystic fibrosis, chronic bronchitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, acute respiratory dystress syndrome (ARDS), respiratory tract infections and lung carcinoma, immunological diseases, diabetic complications including diabetic nephropathy and diabetic cardiomyopathy, fibrotic diseases such as pulmonary fibrosis including idiopathic lung fibrosis, cardiac fibrosis, vascular fibrosis, perivascular fibrosis, renal fibrosis including renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis, fibrosing skin conditions including keloid formation, collagenosis and scleroderma, and liver fibrosis, liver diseases such as liver cirrhosis, pain such as neuropathic pain, diabetic pain and inflammatory pain, macular degeneration, neurodegenerative diseases or psychiatric disorders, or for cardioprotection including cardioprotection after myocardial infarction and after cardiac surgery, or for renoprotection, for example. The compounds of the formula I and their physiologically acceptable salts and solvates can be used as a diuretic (stand-alone treatment or in combination with established diuretics). The treatment of diseases is to be understood as meaning both the therapy of existing pathological changes or malfunctions of the organism or of existing symptoms with the aim of relief, alleviation or cure, and the prophylaxis or prevention of pathological changes or malfunctions of the organism or of symptoms in humans or animals which are susceptible thereto and are in need of such a prophylaxis or prevention, with the aim of a prevention or suppression of their occurrence or of an attenuation in the case of their occurrence. For example, in patients who on account of their disease history are susceptible to myocardial infarction, by means of the prophylactic or preventive medicinal treatment the occurrence or re-occurrence of a myocardial infarction can be prevented or its extent and sequelae decreased, or in patients who are susceptible to attacks of asthma, by means of the prophylactic or preventive medicinal treatment such attacks can be prevented or their severity decreased. The treatment of diseases can occur both in acute cases and in chronic cases. The efficacy of the compounds of the formula I can be demonstrated in the pharmacological test described below and in other tests which are known to a person skilled in the art. The compounds of the formula I with G selected from R⁷²—N(R⁷³)—C(O)— and their physiologically acceptable salts and solvates can also be used as prodrugs.

The compounds of the formula I and their physiologically acceptable salts and solvates can therefore be used in animals, in particular in mammals and specifically in humans, as a pharmaceutical or medicament on their own, in mixtures with one another or in the form of pharmaceutical compositions. A subject of the present invention also are the compounds of the formula I and their physiologically acceptable salts and solvates for use as a pharmaceutical, as well as pharmaceutical compositions and medicaments which comprise an efficacious dose of at least one compound of the formula I and/or a physiologically acceptable salt thereof and/or solvate thereof as an active ingredient and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, i.e. one or more pharmaceutically innocuous, or nonhazardous, vehicles and/or excipients, and optionally one or more other pharmaceutical active compounds. A subject of the present invention furthermore are the compounds of the formula I and their physiologically acceptable salts and solvates for use in the treatment of the diseases mentioned above or below, including the treatment of any one of the mentioned diseases, for example the treatment of heart failure, myocardial infarction, cardiac hypertrophy, diabetic nephropathy, diabetic cardiomyopathy, cardiac fibrosis, or ischemia and/or reperfusion damage, or for cardioprotection, the use of the compounds of the formula I and their physiologically acceptable salts and solvates for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of the diseases mentioned above or below, including the treatment of any one of the mentioned diseases, for example the treatment of heart failure, myocardial infarction, cardiac hypertrophy, diabetic nephropathy, diabetic cardiomyopathy, cardiac fibrosis, or ischemia and/or reperfusion damage, or for cardioprotection, wherein the treatment of diseases comprises their therapy and prophylaxis as mentioned above, as well as their use for the manufacture of a medicament for the inhibition of cathepsin A. A subject of the invention also are methods for the treatment of the diseases mentioned above or below, including the treatment of any one of the mentioned diseases, for example the treatment of heart failure, myocardial infarction, cardiac hypertrophy, diabetic nephropathy, diabetic cardiomyopathy, cardiac fibrosis, or ischemia and/or reperfusion damage, or for cardioprotection, which comprise administering an efficacious amount of at least one compound of the formula I and/or a physiologically acceptable salt thereof and/or solvate thereof to a human or an animal which is in need thereof. The compounds of the formula I and pharmaceutical compositions and medicaments comprising them can be administered enterally, for example by oral, sublingual or rectal administration, parenterally, for example by intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous or intraperitoneal injection or infusion, or by another type of administration such as topical, percutaneous, transdermal, intra-articular or intraocular administration.

The compounds of the formula I and their physiologically acceptable salts and solvates can also be used in combination with other pharmaceutical active compounds, wherein in such a combination use the compounds of the formula I and/or their physiologically acceptable salts and/or solvates and one or more other pharmaceutical active compounds can be present in one and the same pharmaceutical composition or in two or more pharmaceutical compositions for separate, simultaneous or sequential administration. Examples of such other pharmaceutical active compounds are diuretics, aquaretics, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, renin inhibitors, beta blockers, digoxin, aldosterone antagonists, NO donors, nitrates, hydralazines, ionotropes, vasopressin receptor antagonists, soluble guanylate cyclase activators, statins, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPAR-α) activators, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-γ) activators, rosiglitazone, pioglitazone, metformin, sulfonylureas, glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) agonists, dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPPIV) inhibitors, insulins, anti-arrhythmics, endothelin receptor antagonists, calcium antagonists, phosphodiesterase inhibitors, phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitors, factor II/factor IIa inhibitors, factor IX/factor IXa inhibitors, factor X/factor Xa inhibitors, factor XIII/factor XIIIa inhibitors, heparins, glycoprotein IIb/IIIa antagonists, P2Y12 receptor antagonists, clopidogrel, coumarins, cyclooxygenase inhibitors, acetylsalicylic acid, RAF kinase inhibitors and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitors. A subject of the present invention also is the said combination use of any one or more of the compounds of the formula I disclosed herein and their physiologically acceptable salts and solvates, with any one or more, for example one or two, of the mentioned other pharmaceutical active compounds.

The pharmaceutical compositions and medicaments according to the invention normally contain from about 0.5 to about 90 percent by weight of compounds of the formula I and/or physiologically acceptable salts and/or solvates thereof, and an amount of active ingredient of the formula I and/or its physiologically acceptable salt and/or solvate which in general is from about 0.2 mg to about 1.5 g, particularly from about 0.2 mg to about 1 g, more particularly from about 0.5 mg to about 0.5 g, for example from about 1 mg to about 0.3 g, per unit dose. Depending on the kind of the pharmaceutical composition and other particulars of the specific case, the amount may deviate from the indicated ones. The production of the pharmaceutical compositions and medicaments can be carried out in a manner known per se. For this, the compounds of the formula I and/or their physiologically acceptable salts and/or solvates are mixed together with one or more solid or liquid vehicles and/or excipients, if desired also in combination with one or more other pharmaceutical active compounds such as those mentioned above, and brought into a suitable form for dosage and administration, which can then be used in human medicine or veterinary medicine.

As vehicles, which may also be looked upon as diluents or bulking agents, and excipients suitable organic and inorganic substances can be used which do not react in an undesired manner with the compounds of the formula I. As examples of types of excipients, or additives, which can be contained in the pharmaceutical compositions and medicaments, lubricants, preservatives, thickeners, stabilizers, disintegrants, wetting agents, agents for achieving a depot effect, emulsifiers, salts, for example for influencing the osmotic pressure, buffer substances, colorants, flavorings and aromatic substances may be mentioned. Examples of vehicles and excipients are water, vegetable oils, waxes, alcohols such as ethanol, isopropanol, 1,2-propanediol, benzyl alcohols, glycerol, polyols, polyethylene glycols or polypropylene glycols, glycerol triacetate, polyvinylpyrrolidone, gelatin, cellulose, carbohydrates such as lactose or starch like corn starch, sodium chloride, stearic acid and its salts such as magnesium stearate, talc, lanolin, petroleum jelly, or mixtures thereof, for example saline or mixtures of water with one or more organic solvents such as mixtures of water with alcohols. For oral and rectal use, pharmaceutical forms such as, for example, tablets, film-coated tablets, sugar-coated tablets, granules, hard and soft gelatin capsules, suppositories, solutions, including oily, alcoholic or aqueous solutions, syrups, juices or drops, furthermore suspensions or emulsions, can be used. For parenteral use, for example by injection or infusion, pharmaceutical forms such as solutions, for example aqueous solutions, can be used. For topical use, pharmaceutical forms such as ointments, creams, pastes, lotions, gels, sprays, foams, aerosols, solutions or powders can be used. Further suitable pharmaceutical forms are, for example, implants and patches and forms adapted to inhalation. The compounds of the formula I and their physiologically acceptable salts can also be lyophilized and the obtained lyophilizates used, for example, for the production of injectable compositions. In particular for topical application, also liposomal compositions are suitable. The pharmaceutical compositions and medicaments can also contain one or more other active ingredients and/or, for example, one or more vitamins.

As usual, the dosage of the compounds of the formula I depends on the circumstances of the specific case and is adjusted by the physician according to the customary rules and procedures. It depends, for example, on the compound of the formula I administered and its potency and duration of action, on the nature and severity of the individual syndrome, on the sex, age, weight and the individual responsiveness of the human or animal to be treated, on whether the treatment is acute or chronic or prophylactic, or on whether further pharmaceutical active compounds are administered in addition to a compound of the formula I. Normally, in the case of administration to an adult weighing about 75 kg, a dose from about 0.1 mg to about 100 mg per kg per day, in particular from about 1 mg to about 20 mg per kg per day, for example from about 1 mg to about 10 mg per kg per day (in each case in mg per kg of body weight), is administered. The daily dose can be administered in the form of a single dose or divided into a number of individual doses, for example two, three or four individual doses. The administration can also be carried out continuously, for example by continuous injection or infusion. Depending on the individual behavior in a specific case, it may be necessary to deviate upward or downward from the indicated dosages.

Besides as a pharmaceutical active compound in human medicine and veterinary medicine, the compounds of the formula I can also be employed as an aid in biochemical investigations or as a scientific tool or for diagnostic purposes, for example in in-vitro diagnoses of biological samples, if an inhibition of cathepsin A is intended. The compounds of the formula I and their salts can also be used as intermediates, for example for the preparation of further pharmaceutical active substances.

The following examples illustrate the invention.

ABBREVIATIONS

-   ACN acetonitrile -   DCM dichloromethane -   DMF N,N-dimethylformamide -   DMSO dimethyl sulfoxide -   EA ethyl acetate -   EDIA N-ethyl-diisopropylamine -   FA formic acid -   MOH methanol -   NEM N-ethyl-morpholine -   TFA trifluoroacetic acid -   THF tetrahydrofuran -   TOTU     O-(cyano(ethoxycarbonyl)methyleneamino)-N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyluronium     tetrafluoroborate

When example compounds containing a basic group were purified by preparative high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) on reversed phase (RP) column material and, as customary, the eluent was a gradient mixture of water and acetonitrile containing trifluoroacetic acid, they were in part obtained in the form of their acid addition salts with trifluoroacetic acid, depending on the details of the work-up such as evaporation or lyophilization conditions. In the names of the example compounds and the structural formulae such contained trifluoroacetic acid is not specified. Likewise are other acid components of example compounds obtained in the form of an acid addition salt in general not specified in the name and the formula.

The prepared compounds were in general characterized by spectroscopic data and chromatographic data, in particular mass spectra (MS) and HPLC retention times (Rt; in min) which were obtained by combined analytical HPLC/MS characterization (LC/MS), and/or nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra. Unless specified otherwise, ¹H-NMR spectra were recorded at 500 MHz in D₆-DMSO as solvent at 298 K. In the NMR characterization, the chemical shift δ (in ppm), the number of hydrogen atoms (H), and the multiplicity (s: singlet, d: doublet, dd: doublet of doublets, t: triplet, q: quartet, m: multiplet) of the peaks as determined from the graphically depicted spectra are given. In the MS characterization, in general the mass number (m/z) of the peak of the molecular ion [M], for example [M⁺], or of a related ion such as the ion [M+1], for example [(M+1)⁺], i.e. the protonated molecular ion [(M+H)⁺], or the ion [M−1], for example [(M−1)⁻], i.e. the deprotonated molecular ion [(M−H)⁻], which was formed depending on the ionization method used, is given. Generally, the ionization method was electrospray ionization (ES). The particulars of the LC/MS methods used are as follows.

Method LC1

Column: YMC-Pack Jsphere H80, 33×2.1 mm, 4 μm; flow: 1.3 ml/min; room temperature; eluent A: water+0.05% TFA; eluent B: ACN+0.05% TFA; gradient: from 95% A+5% B to 5% A+95% B within 2.5 min; MS ionization method: ES⁺

Method LC2

Column: Waters XBridge C18, 50×4.6 mm, 2.5 μm; flow: 1.3 ml/min; room temperature; eluent A: water+0.1% FA; eluent B: ACN+0.08% FA; gradient: from 97% A+3% B to 40% A+60% B within 3.5 min, then to 2% A+98% B within 0.5 min, then 2% A+98% B for 1.0 min, then to 97% A+3% B within 0.2 min, then 97% A+3% B for 1.3 min; MS ionization method: ES⁻

Method LC3

Column: YMC-Pack Jsphere H80, 33×2.1 mm, 4 μm; flow: 1.0 ml/min; room temperature; eluent A: water+0.05% TFA; eluent B: ACN+0.05% TFA; gradient: 98% A+2% B for 1.0 min, then to 5% A+95% B within 4.0 min, then 5% A+95% B for 1.25 min; MS ionization method: ES⁺

Method LC4

Column: Waters XBridge C18, 50×4.6 mm, 2.5 μm; flow: 1.3 ml/min; 40° C.; eluent A: water+0.1% FA; eluent B: ACN+0.1% FA; gradient: from 97% A+3% B to 40% A+60% B within 3.5 min, then to 2% A+98% B within 0.5 min, then 2% A+98% B for 1.0 min, then to 97% A+3% B within 0.2 min, then 97% A+3% B for 1.3 min; MS ionization method: ES⁻

Method LC5

Column: Waters XBridge C18, 50×4.6 mm, 2.5 μm; flow: 1.7 ml/min; 40° C.; eluent A: water+0.05% TFA; eluent B: ACN+0.05% TEA; gradient: from 95% A+5% B to 5% A+95% B within 3.3 min, then 5% A+95% B for 0.55 min, then to 95% A+5% B within 0.15 min; MS ionization method: ES⁺

Method LC5_(—)2

Column: Waters XBridge C18, 50×4.6 mm, 2.5 μm; flow: 1.7 ml/min; 40° C.; eluent A: water+0.05% TFA; eluent B: ACN+0.05% TFA for 0.2 min; gradient: from 95% A+5% B to 5% A+95% B within 2.2 min, then 5% A+95% B for 0.8 min, then to 95% A+5% B within 0.1 min; then 95% A+5% B for 0.7 min; MS ionization method: ES⁺

Method LC6

Column: Waters XBridge C18, 50×4.6 mm, 2.5 μm; flow: 1.7 ml/min; 50° C.; eluent A: water+0.05% TFA; eluent B: ACN+0.05% TFA; gradient: 95% A+5% B for 0.2 min, then to 5% A+95% B within 2.2 min, then 5% A+95% B for 1.1 min, then to 95% A+5% B within 0.1 min, then 95% A+5% B for 0.9 min; MS ionization method: ES⁺

Method LC7

Column: Waters XBridge C18, 50×4.6 mm, 2.5 μm; flow: 1.7 ml/min; 40° C.; eluent A: water+0.05 TFA; eluent B: ACN+0.05% TFA; gradient: 95% A+5% B for 0.2 min, then to 5% A+95% B within 2.2 min, then 5% A+95% B for 0.8 min, then to 95% A+5% B within 0.1 min, then 95% A+5% B for 0.7 min; MS ionization method: ES⁺

Method LC8

Column: Waters XBridge C18, 50×4.6 mm, 2.5 μm; flow: 1.7 ml/min; 40° C.; eluent A: water+0.05% TFA; eluent B: ACN+0.05% TFA; gradient: 95% A+5% B for 0.3 min, then to 5% A+95% B within 3.2 min, then 5% A+95% B for 0.5 min; MS ionization method: ES⁺

Method LC9

Column: Merck Chromolith FastGrad RP-18e, 50×2 mm; flow: 2.0 ml/min; room temperature; eluent A: water+0.05% TFA; eluent B: ACN+0.05% TFA; gradient: 98% A+2% B for 0.2 min, then to 2% A+98% B within 2.2 min, then 2% A+98% B for 0.8 min, then to 98% A+2% B within 0.1 min, then 98% A+2% B for 0.7 min; MS ionization method: ES⁺

Method LC9_(—)2

Column: Merck Chromolith FastGrad RP-18e, 50×2 mm; flow: 2.0 ml/min; 50° C.; eluent A: water+0.05% TEA; eluent B: ACN+0.05% TFA; gradient: 98% A+2% B for 0.2 min, then to 2% A+98% B within 2.2 min, then 2% A+98% B for 0.8 min, then to 98% A+2% B within 0.1 min, then 98% A+2% B for 0.7 min; MS ionization method: ES⁺

Method LC10

Column: Waters XBridge C18, 50×4.6 mm, 2.5 μm; flow: 1.3 ml/min; 45° C.; eluent A: water+0.1% FA; eluent B: ACN+0.1% FA; gradient: from 97% A+3% B to 40% A+60% B within 3.5 min, then to 2% A+98% B within 0.5 min, then 2% A+98% B for 1.0 min, then to 97% A+3% B within 0.2 min, then 97% A+3% B for 1.3 min; MS ionization method: ES⁺

Method LC11

Column: Waters UPLC BEH C18, 50×2.1 mm, 1.7 μm; flow: 0.9 ml/min; 55° C.; eluent A: water+0.1% FA; eluent B: ACN+0.08% FA; gradient: from 95% A+5% B to 5% A+95% B within 1.1 min, then 5% A+95% B for 0.6 min, then to 95% A+5% B within 0.1 min, then 95% A+5% B for 0.2 min; MS ionization method: ES⁺

Method LC12

Column: YMC-Pack Jsphere H80, 33×2.1 mm, 4 μm; flow: 1.0 ml/min; room temperature; eluent A: water+0.05% TFA; eluent B: MOH+0.05% TFA; gradient: 98% A+2% B for 1.0 min, then to 5% A+95% B within 4.0 min, then 5% A+95% B for 1.25 min; MS ionization method: ES⁺

Method LC13.

Column: Waters XBridge C18, 50×4.6, 2.5 μm; flow: 1.3 ml/min; room temperature; eluent A: water+0.1% FA; eluent B: ACN+0.08% FA; gradient: from 97% A+3% B to 2% A+98% B within 18.0 min, then 2% A+98% B for 1.0 min, then to 97% A+3% B within 0.5 min, then 97% A+3% B for 0.5 min; MS ionization method: ES⁺

Method LC14

Column: Waters XBridge C18 4.6*50 mm; 2.5 um, flow: 1.3 ml/min; eluent A H₂O+0.1% FA; eluent B: ACN+0.08% FA; gradient: from 97% A+3% B to 2% A+98% B within 18 min, then 2% A+98% B for 1 min, then to 97% A+3% B within 0.5 min then to 97:3 for 0.5 min.

EXPERIMENTAL

In general the compounds of the formula I are synthesized according to the general scheme:

The formation of the amide bond between the carboxylic acid and the β-amino-acid can be done by the use of coupling agents well known to a person skilled in the art and described for example in Tetrahedron (2005), 61(46), 10827-10852. As alternatives instead of a carboxylic acid a carboxylic acid chloride and instead of the free β-amino acid a β-amino acid ester, especially methyl- or ethylester, may be used.

The β-amino-acids used within this work are either commercially available or prepared by methods described for example in JACS 1935, 1279 or by Rhodionow in Chem. Abstr. 1953, 1051. The Rhodionow scheme is depicted below:

Enantiopure β-amino acids can either be obtained commercially or prepared from the racemic material by procedures described in Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biochemistry, 2006, 1941.

A general procedure for the coupling process using heterocycles, which synthesis is described later in the text and β-amino acids is given below:

General Procedure A

0.25 mmol of the carboxylic acid is weighed into a reaction vial, 1.25 mmol N-ethyl morpholine in 1 ml DMF is added, followed by 0.245 mmol TOTU in 0.5 ml DMF. The mixture is allowed to react for 30 min at RT. 0.275 mmol of the amino acid suspended in 0.5 ml DMF is added, the vial is closed with a screw cap and shaken over night at RT. 0.2 ml TFA is added, the solution is filtered through syringe filters and directly submitted to prep HPLC.

Yield of the products: Between 5% and 80%

This procedure is valid for all products listed in this text and the used heterocyclic carboxylic acids were either commercially available or synthesized according to described procedures below:

Procedures for the Synthesis of 5-Amino-pyrazole Derivatives Ethyl 5-amino-1-aryl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylates (General Procedure)

Sulfuric acid (10 mmol, 1 equiv.) was added slowly to a solution of an arylhydrazine hydrochloride (10 mmol, 1 equiv.) in water (15 mL) at 0° C. This solution was added dropwise to a suspension of ethyl 3-cyano-2-oxo-propionate sodium salt (10 mmol, 1 equiv.) prepared from diethyloxalate, acetonitrile and sodiumethanolate according to DE 101 43 858 A 1) in dichloromethane (20 mL) at room temperature. After stirring the biphasic mixture for 12 h the conversion to the corresponding hydrazone was complete. The phases were separated an the aqueous phases was extracted with dichloromethane (2×20 mL). The combined organic phases were washed with aqueous saturated NaHCO₃ (1×20 mL) solution and died over MgSO₄. After removing the solvent under reduced pressure the residue was solved in ethanol (15 mL). After 16 h of reflux the cyclisation was complete and solvent was removed by distillation. If necessary the crude product was purified by chromatography on silica gel using heptane-EtOAc mixtures as eluents.

Ethyl 5-amino-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylate

Yield: 57%

HPLC (TOP Method): 0.980 min

MS (ESI): 232.1 [M+H]⁺

Ethyl 5-amino-1-(2-fluoro-phenyl)-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylate

Yield: 22%

HPLC (TOP Method): 0.965 min

MS (ESI): 250.1 [M+H]⁺

Ethyl 5-amino-1-(2-methyl-phenyl)-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylate

Yield: 24%

HPLC (TOP Method): 1.020 min

MS (ESI): 246.1 [M+H]⁺

General Procedure E1 5-Amino-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid

2 g (8.65 mmol) of ethyl 5-amino-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylate are dissolved in 20 ml EtOH and 20 ml of 1M NaOH solution are added. The mixture is stirred overnight, the solvent removed in vacuo and the crude product subject to HPLC chromatography: Yield: 65%

According to this procedure the following free carboxylic acids are synthesized:

-   5-Amino-1-(2-fluoro-phenyl)-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid -   5-Amino-1-o-tolyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid -   5-Amino-4-cyano-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid

General Procedure E2 (S)-3-[(5-Amino-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonyl)-amino]-3-o-tolyl-propionic acid

100 mg (0.492 mmol) of 5-Amino-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid are dissolved in 5 ml of DMF, 194 mg (0.59 mmol) of TOTU and 142 mg (1.23 mmol) of N-ethyl-morpholine is added. After stirring for 10 minutes at RT 97 mg (1.1 Eq, 0.54 mmol) of (S)-3-amino-3-(2-methyl-phenyl)-propionic acid are added and the resulting mixture is stirred overnight at RT. Solvent is removed in vacuo and the obtained crude product is submitted to HPLC chromatography: Yield: 32 mg, 18%

Special Procedures Synthesis of Carboxylic Acids 1-Phenyl-5-pyrrolidin-1-yl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid

500 mg (2.16 mmol) of ethyl 5-amino-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylate are dissolved in 5 ml dioxane and added to a suspension of 190 mg (4.76 mmol, 2.2 Eq) of 60% NaH (suspension in mineral oil) in 5 ml of dioxane. After stirring for 10 min at RT 1,4-dibromobutane (0.26 ml, 467 mg, 2.2 mmol, 1 Eq) is added and the resulting mixture is heated to 80° C. for 8 hours. 5 ml of a MeOH/H₂O (1:1) mixture are added to destroy the remaining NaH. Then 5 ml of 1M NaOH are added and the mixture is stirred overnight at RT. The solvent is removed in vacuo and the crude product subjected to HPLC chromatography. Yield after chromatography: 150 mg, 27%

According to this procedure 1-(2-Fluoro-phenyl)-5-pyrrolidin-1-yl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid is prepared starting from 5-Amino-1-(2-fluoro-phenyl)-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid ethyl ester

5-(1,1-Dioxo-1lambda*6*-isothiazolidin-2-yl)-1-(2-fluoro-phenyl)-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid

700 mg (2.81 mmol) of ethyl 5-amino-1-(2-fluoro-phenyl)-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylate are dissolved in 20 ml of THF, 1.17 ml (852.4 mg, 8.42 mmol, 3 Eq) and 745.7 mg (4.21 mmol, 1.5 Eq) of 3-CHloropropansulfonylchloride are added and the mixture is heated to reflux for 5 hours. Despite incomplete conversion 6 ml of 1M NaOH are added and the mixture is stirred overnight at RT to hydrolyse the ester. The solvent is removed in vacuo and the crude material subjected to HPLC chromatography. Yield: 46%, 420 mg

According to this procedure 5-(1,1-Dioxo-1lambda*6*-isothiazolidin-2-yl)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid is prepared starting from 5-Amino-1-(2-fluoro-phenyl)-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid ethyl ester.

1-Phenyl-5-(3-phenyl-ureido)-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid

145.3 mg (3.63 mmol, 1.2 Eq) of a 60% suspension of NaH in mineral oil are suspended in 25 ml of dioxane, 700 mg (3.03 mmol) of ethyl 5-amino-1-(2-fluoro-phenyl)-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylate are added and the resulting mixture is stirred for 10 minutes at RT: Then phenylisocanate (360.6 mg, 3.03 mmol, 1 Eq) is added and the resulting mixture is heated to 80° C. for 5 hours. After cooling 7 ml of 1M NaOH are added and the resulting mixture is stirred overnight at RT. The solvent is evaporated in vacuo and the obtained crude product is subjected to HPLC chromatography. 257 mg (26%) of the pure product are obtained.

5-Methanesulfonylamino-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid

500 mg (2.0 mmol) of 5-Amino-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid ethyl ester are dissolved in 10 ml of THF, 0.56 ml (4.0 mmol) of triethylamine and 230 mg (2.0 mmol) of methanesulfonyl chloride are added. The mixture is stirred overnight at RT, the solvent is removed in vacuo and the crude product is subjected to an aqueous work-up and extracted with dichloromethane. The isolated product is dissolved in 10 ml of DMF, 8 mmol 12.5 mmol of 1M NaOH solution are added and the mixture is stirred overnight at RT. The solvent is removed in vacuo and the crude product subjected to HPLC chromatography. Yield after two steps: 170 mg, 30%

5-(2-Oxo-pyrrolidin-1-yl)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid

700 mg (3.0 mmol) of 5-Amino-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid ethyl ester are dissolved in 20 ml of dioxane and added to a suspension of NaH (266 mg 60% suspension in mineral oil, 6.66 mmol) in 10 ml of dioxane. After stirring for 10 minutes at RT 4-bromobutyryl chloride (617.5 mg, 3.3 mmol) is added and the resulting mixture is stirred overnight at RT. A MeOH/H2O mixture (10 ml, 1:1) is added to destroy excess NaH and the solvent is removed in vacuo. The crude product is redissolved in 15 ml of EtOH and 8 mmol of 1M NaOH is added and the mixture is stirred overnight. The solvent is removed in vacuo and the residue subjected to HPLC chromatography: Yield: 554 mg, 68%

According to this procedure the following derivatives are synthesized:

-   1-(2-Fluoro-phenyl)-5-(2-oxo-piperidin-1-yl)-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic     acid

1-Phenyl-5-(pyridin-2-ylamino)-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid

200 mg (0.865 mmol) of 5-Amino-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid ethyl ester were dissolved in 5 ml DMF and 108 mg (0.95 mmol, 1.1 eq) of 2-Chloropyridine, 620 mg (1.9 mmol, 2.2 eq) of Cs2CO3, 20 mg (0.1 eq) of palladium(II)acetate and 60 mg of xantphos (0.12 eq) were added and the resulting mixture heated to 100° C. for 6 hours. The mixture was filtered over a pad of Celite and 2 ml of 1N NaOH (2 mmol, 2.3 eq) were added together with 2 ml of EtOH. After stirring overnight at RT the crude reaction mixture was subjected to HPLC chromatography delivering 60 mg of product. (Yield: 25%)

4H-Benzo[4,5]imidazo[1,2-b]pyrazole-2-carboxylic acid

The synthesis of this compound is described in Kravtchenko, S.; Lagrange, A, Fr. Demande FR2830192

5-(Cyclopropylmethyl-amino)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid and 5-(Bis-cyclopropylmethyl-amino)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid

200 mg (0.98 mmol) of 5-Amino-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid are suspended in 10 ml of isopropanol and 103 mg (1.48 mmol, 1.5 eq) of cyclopropan-carboxaldehyde are added. A solution is obtained after the addition of 0.1 ml TFA. The clear solution is stirred for 20 min at RT then sodium triacetoxyborohydride is added (420 mg, 1.99 mmol, 2.0 eq) The mixture is allowed to stir overnight at RT, then the solvent is removed in vacuo and the residue taken up in 20 ml CH2Cl2 and 10 ml 1N HCl. The organic phase is separated, dried over Na2SO4 and the solvent evaporated. The crude material is analyzed to consist of a 1:1 mixture of 5-(Cyclopropylmethyl-amino)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid and 5-(Bis-cyclopropyl-methyl-amino)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid, which is used in the following amide coupling step as described under General Procedure A to deliver (S)-3-{[5-Cyclopropyl-methyl-amino)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonyl]-amino}-3-o-tolyl-propionic acid and S)-3-{[5-(Bis-cyclopropylmethyl-amino)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonyl]-amino}-3-o-tolyl-propionic acid.

5-(2,2-Dimethyl-propionylamino)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid ethyl ester

3 g (12.97 mmol) of 5-Amino-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid ethyl ester are dissolved in 100 ml of THF, 1.6 ml (1.49 g, 12.97 mmol, 1 eq) of N-ethylmorpholine and 1.56 f (12.97 mmol, 1 eq) of trimethylacetylchloride are added and the resulting mixture is stirred overnight at RT. The solvent is removed in vacuo and the crude material obtained (3.8 g, Yield: 93%) is used in the following steps without further purification.

According to this procedure the following derivatives were prepared:

-   5-Benzoylamino-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid ethyl ester -   5-[(5-Methyl-furan-2-carbonyl)-amino]-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic     acid ethyl ester -   5-Diphenylacetylamino-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid ethyl     ester -   5-[2-((1R,2S,5R)-2-Isopropyl-5-methyl-cyclohexyloxy)-acetylamino]-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic     acid ethyl ester

5-[(2,2-Dimethyl-propionyl)-methyl-amino]-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid

250 mg (0.8 mmol) of 5-(2,2-Dimethyl-propionylamino)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid ethyl ester are dissolved in 10 ml of acetone, 1.0 g (3.2 mmol, 4 eq) of caesiumcarbonate and 225 mg (1.6 mmol, 2 eq) of iodomethane are added and the resulting mixture is stirred overnight at RT. The mixture is filtrated, the solvent removed in vacuo and the crude product dissolved in 10 ml of ethanol and stirred overnight at RT after the addition of 1.6 ml (2 eq) of 1N NaOH solution. After evaporation of the solvent the residue is taken up in a mixture of 10 ml CH2Cl2 and 10 ml 0.1N HCl, the organic phase is separated, dried over Na2SO4 and the solvent removed in vacuo yielding 75 mg (31%) of 5-(2,2-Dimethyl-propionylamino)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid. This material is used in the amide coupling steps.

According to this procedure the following derivatives have been prepared:

-   5-(Benzoyl-methyl-amino)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid

5-(2,2-Dimethyl-propionylamino)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid

2.3 g (7.42 mmol) of 5-(2,2-Dimethyl-propionylamino)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid ethyl ester are dissolved in 15 ml ethanol and 16 ml (16 mmol, 2.16 eq) of 1N NaOH is added and the reaction mixture stirred overnight at RT. After evaporation of the solvent the residue is taken up in a mixture of 10 ml CH2Cl2 and 10 ml 0.1N HCl, the organic phase is separated, dried over Na2SO4 and the solvent removed in vacuo to obtain 5-(2,2-Dimethyl-propionylamino)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid in a yield of 89% (1.9 g)

This material is used in the amide coupling steps.

According to this procedure the following derivatives have been prepared:

-   5-Benzoylamino-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid -   5-[(5-Methyl-furan-2-carbonyl)-amino]-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic     acid -   5-Diphenylacetylamino-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid -   5-[2-((1R,2S,5R)-2-Isopropyl-5-methyl-cyclohexyloxy)-acetylamino]-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic     acid

5-(3,3-Dimethyl-2-oxo-butylamino)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid ethyl ester

6 g (25.9 mmol) of 5-Amino-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid ethyl ester are dissolved in 50 ml DMF, 4.65 g (25.9 mmol) 1-bromopinacolone and 16 g (49.1 mmol, 1.9 eq) of Cs2CO3 are added and the resulting mixture is heated to 100° C. for 4 hours. The reaction mixture is filtrated and the solvent removed in vacuo, the residue is subjected to preparative HPLC chromatography to obtain 2 g (23%) of the product.

5-(3,3-Dimethyl-2-oxo-butylamino)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid

2 g (6.07 mmol) of 5-(3,3-Dimethyl-2-oxo-butylamino)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid ethyl ester are dissolved in 15 ml ethanol, 12.1 ml (12.1 mmol, 2 eq) 1N NaOH are added and the resulting mixture is stirred overnight at RT. After evaporation of the solvent the residue is taken up in a mixture of 10 ml CH2Cl2 and 10 ml 0.1N HCl, the organic phase is separated, dried over Na2SO4 and the solvent removed in vacuo to obtain 5-(3,3-Dimethyl-2-oxo-butylamino)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid in a yield of 82% (1.5 g)

5-[(3,3-Dimethyl-2-oxo-butyl)-methyl-amino]-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid

800 mg (2.43 mmol) of 5-(3,3-Dimethyl-2-oxo-butylamino)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid ethyl ester are dissolved in 10 ml DMF, 1.6 g (4.86 mmol, 2 eq) of Cs2CO3 and 690 mg (4.86 mmol, 2 eq) of idodmethane are added and the resulting mixture is heated to 100° C. for 6 hours. The reaction is filtrated, the solvent removed in vacuo and the crude material obtained is redissolved in 15 ml of ethanol. After addition of 4.86 ml (2 eq) of 1N NaOH solution the reaction mixture is stirred overnight at RT.

After evaporation of the solvent the residue is taken up in a mixture of 10 ml CH2Cl2 and 10 ml 0.1N HCl, the organic phase is separated, dried over Na2SO4 and the solvent removed in vacuo to obtain 5-[(3,3-Dimethyl-2-oxo-butyl)-methyl-amino]-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid in a yield of 36% (300 mg)

5-(2-Hydroxy-2,3,3-trimethyl-butylamino)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid

200 mg (0.664 mmol) 5-(3,3-Dimethyl-2-oxo-butylamino)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid are dissolved in 10 ml dry THF under argon and cooled to 0° C. in an ice bath. 0.664 mmol (1 eq) of MeMgBr (3.0M solution in Et2O) are added within 5 minutes and the resulting mixture is allowed to reach RT overnight. 20 ml of water and EtOAc are added, then the pH is adjusted to 3-4 by addition of 10% HCl solution and the phases are separated. The organic phase is dried over Na2SO4 and the solvent removed to yield 110 mg (51%) of 5-(2-Hydroxy-2,3,3-trimethyl-butylamino)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid.

Two Step Synthesis of (S)-3-{[5-(2-Hydroxy-3,3-dimethyl-butylamino)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonyl]-amino}-3-o-tolyl-propionic acid

Step 1 (S)-3-{[5-(3,3-Dimethyl-2-oxo-butylamino)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonyl]-amino}-3-o-tolyl-propionic acid

This synthesis is carried out by combination of 5-(3,3-Dimethyl-2-oxo-butylamino)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid and (S)-3-Amino-3-o-tolyl-propionic acid applying General Procedure A.

Step 2

231 mg (0.5 mmol) of (S)-3-{[5-(3,3-Dimethyl-2-oxo-butylamino)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonyl]-amino}-3-o-tolyl-propionic acid is dissolved in 10 ml of MeOH and 56.8 mg (1.5 mmol, 3 eq) of NaBH4 is slowly added. After stirring for 2 h at RT the reaction mixture is subjected to HPLC chromatography and 200 mg (81%) of (S)-3-{[5-(2-Hydroxy-3,3-dimethyl-butylamino)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonyl]-amino}-3-o-tolyl-propionic acid are isolated.

Applying this procedure and starting from 5-[(3,3-Dimethyl-2-oxo-butyl)-methyl-amino]-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid the following compound is synthesized:

-   (S)-3-({5-[(2-Hydroxy-3,3-dimethyl-butyl)-methyl-amino]-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonyl}-amino)-3-o-tolyl-propionic     acid

(S)-3-{[5-((R)-2-Hydroxy-3,3-dimethyl-butylamino)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonyl]-amino}-3-o-tolyl-propionic acid and (S)-3-{[5-((S)-2-Hydroxy-3,3-dimeth yl-butylamino)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonyl]-amino}-3-o-tolyl-propionic acid

(S)-3-{[5-(2-Hydroxy-3,3-dimethyl-butylamino)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonyl]-amino}-3-o-tolyl-propionic acid is subjected to chromatography on a chiral column (Chiralpak AD-H/119, 250×4.6 mm) using Hep:EtOH:MeOH=20:1:1+0.1% TFA as eluent. The compound with the smallest retention time is arbitrarily assigned the R configuration on the alcohol carbon atom.

Analogously as described in the synthesis examples, the example compounds of the formula I listed in Table 1 were prepared.

TABLE 1 Example compounds of the formula I Ex. Rt LC/MS Activity No. Compound name m/z (1) (min) Method [μM] (2) 1 (S)-3-[(5-Amino-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole- 365.14 2.73 LC8 0.0251 3-carbonyl)-amino]-3-o-tolyl-propionic acid 2 3-[(5-Amino-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-3- 445.13 3.07 LC8 0.0532 carbonyl)-amino]-3-(4′-fluoro-biphenyl- 4-yl)-propionic acid 3 (S)-3-{[5-Amino-1-(2-fluoro-phenyl)-1H- 383.16 1.98 LC5_2 0.0138 pyrazole-3-carbonyl]-amino}-3-o-tolyl- propionic acid 4 3-{[5-Amino-1-(2-fluoro-phenyl)-1H- 463.12 3.04 LC8 0.0185 pyrazole-3-carbonyl]-amino}-3-(4′- fluoro-biphenyl-4-yl)-propionic acid 5 (S)-3-{[5-Amino-4-cyano-1-(2-fluoro- 408.14 2.04 LC5_2 0.0187 phenyl)-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonyl]- amino}-3-o-tolyl-propionic acid 6 (S)-3-[(1-Phenyl-5-pyrrolidin-1-yl-1H- 419.11 2.4 LC6 0.0156 pyrazole-3-carbonyl)-amino]-3-o-tolyl- propionic acid 7 3-{[5-Amino-1-(2-fluoro-phenyl)-1H- 446.16 1.58 LC5_2 0.0204 pyrazole-3-carbonyl]-amino}-3-(4- pyridin-2-yl-phenyl)-propionic acid 8 (S)-3-{[5-Amino-1-(2-fluoro-phenyl)-1H- 437.03 2.09 LC5_2 0.0232 pyrazole-3-carbonyl]-amino}-3-(2,3- dichloro-phenyl)-propionic acid 9 3-{[5-Amino-1-(2-fluoro-phenyl)-1H- 437.02 2.1 LC5_2 0.2002 pyrazole-3-carbonyl]-amino}-3-(2,5- dichloro-phenyl)-propionic acid 10 (S)-3-{[1-Phenyl-5-(3-phenyl-ureido)- 484.21 2.19 LC5_2 0.0140 1H-pyrazole-3-carbonyl]-amino}-3-o- tolyl-propionic acid 11 (S)-3-[(5-Methanesulfonylamino-1- 443.15 2.03 LC5_2 0.0252 phenyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonyl)- amino]-3-o-tolyl-propionic acid 12 (S)-3-{[5-(1,1-Dioxo-1lambda6- 487.09 3.05 LC3 0.0136 isothiazolidin-2-yl)-1-(2-fluoro-phenyl)- 1H-pyrazole-3-carbonyl]-amino}-3-o- tolyl-propionic acid 13 (S)-3-{[1-(2-Fluoro-phenyl)-5-pyrrolidin- 437.17 2.32 LC5_2 0.0084 1-yl-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonyl]-amino}-3- o-tolyl-propionic acid 14 (S)-3-{[1-(2-Fluoro-phenyl)-5-(2-oxo- 451.1 2.03 LC6 0.0258 pyrrolidin-1-yl)-1H-pyrazole-3- carbonyl]-amino}-3-o-tolyl-propionic acid 15 (S)-3-{[5-(2-Oxo-pyrrolidin-1-yl)-1- 433.1 2.04 LC6 0.0255 phenyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonyl]- amino}-3-o-tolyl-propionic acid 16 (S)-3-{[5-(1,1-Dioxo-1lambda6- 469.06 2.09 LC6 0.0179 isothiazolidin-2-yl)-1-phenyl-1H- pyrazole-3-carbonyl]-amino}-3-o-tolyl- propionic acid 17 (S)-3-{[5-(2-Oxo-piperidin-1-yl)-1- 447.11 2.07 LC6 0.0645 phenyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonyl]- amino}-3-o-tolyl-propionic acid 18 (S)-3-{[1-(2-Fluoro-phenyl)-5-(2-oxo- 465.1 2.07 LC6 0.0456 piperidin-1-yl)-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonyl]- amino}-3-o-tolyl-propionic acid 19 (S)-3-{[1-Phenyl-5-(pyridin-2-ylamino)- 442.19 1.32 LC9_2, 0.0497 1H-pyrazole-3-carbonyl]-amino}-3-o- tolyl-propionic acid 20 3-[(4H-Benzo[4,5]imidazo[1,2- 385.07 1.02 LC11 3.28 b]pyrazole-2-carbonyl)-amino]-3-(3,4- difluoro-phenyl)-propionic acid 21 3-[(4H-Benzo[4,5]imidazo[1,2- 374.15 0.96 LC11 2.39 b]pyrazole-2-carbonyl)-amino]-3-(4- cyano-phenyl)-propionic acid 22 3-Benzo[1,3]dioxol-4-yl-3-[(4H- 393.07 0.99 LC11 1.11 benzo[4,5]imidazo[1,2-b]pyrazole-2- carbonyl)-amino]-propionic acid 23 3-[(4H-Benzo[4,5]imidazo[1,2- 367.09 1 LC11 3.12 b]pyrazole-2-carbonyl)-amino]-3-(3- fluoro-phenyl)-propionic acid 24 3-[(4H-Benzo[4,5]imidazo[1,2- 367.1 1 LC11 1.75 b]pyrazole-2-carbonyl)-amino]-3-(2- fluoro-phenyl)-propionic acid 25 3-[(4H-Benzo[4,5]imidazo[1,2- 329.13 1.01 LC11 b]pyrazole-2-carbonyl)-amino]-4,4- dimethyl-pentanoic acid 26 3-[(4H-Benzo[4,5]imidazo[1,2- 441.17 1.11 LC11 2.61 b]pyrazole-2-carbonyl)-amino]-3-(3- phenoxy-phenyl)-propionic acid 27 2-[(4H-Benzo[4,5]imidazo[1,2- 331.09 0.96 LC11 b]pyrazole-2-carbonyl)-amino]-3- methoxy-3-methyl-butyric acid 28 (1R,2R)-2-[(4H-Benzo[4,5]imidazo[1,2- 327.12 0.97 LC11 b]pyrazole-2-carbonyl)-amino]- cyclohexanecarboxylic acid 29 (1S,2R)-2-[(4H-Benzo[4,5]imidazo[1,2- 311.01 0.93 LC11 b]pyrazole-2-carbonyl)-amino]- cyclopentanecarboxylic acid 30 3-[(4H-Benzo[4,5]imidazo[1,2- 441.19 1.12 LC11 b]pyrazole-2-carbonyl)-amino]-3-(2- phenoxy-phenyl)-propionic acid 31 3-[(4H-Benzo[4,5]imidazo[1,2- 447.16 1.08 LC11 b]pyrazole-2-carbonyl)-amino]-3-(2- methoxy-5-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)- propionic acid 32 3-[(4H-Benzo[4,5]imidazo[1,2- 401.06 1.03 LC11 0.664 b]pyrazole-2-carbonyl)-amino]-3-(2- chloro-5-fluoro-phenyl)-propionic acid 33 3-[(4H-Benzo[4,5]imidazo[1,2- 385.08 1.01 LC11 2.67 b]pyrazole-2-carbonyl)-amino]-3-(2,5- difluoro-phenyl)-propionic acid 34 3-[(4H-Benzo[4,5]imidazo[1,2- 367.1 1 LC11 2.52 b]pyrazole-2-carbonyl)-amino]-3-(4- fluoro-phenyl)-propionic acid 35 3-[(4H-Benzo[4,5]imidazo[1,2- 363.08 1.02 LC11 0.9 b]pyrazole-2-carbonyl)-amino]-3-o- tolyl-propionic acid 36 (R)-1-(4H-Benzo[4,5]imidazo[1,2- 313.13 0.88 LC11 b]pyrazole-2-carbonyl)-piperidine-3- carboxylic acid 37 (S)-3-[(4H-Benzo[4,5]imidazo[1,2- 374.11 0.96 LC11 3.57 b]pyrazole-2-carbonyl)-amino]-3-(3- cyano-phenyl)-propionic acid 38 (S)-3-[(4H-Benzo[4,5]imidazo[1,2- 363.1 1.02 LC11 0.219 b]pyrazole-2-carbonyl)-amino]-3-o- tolyl-propionic acid 39 (S)-3-[(4H-Benzo[4,5]imidazo[1,2- 363.1 1.03 LC11 0.94 b]pyrazole-2-carbonyl)-amino]-3-m- tolyl-propionic acid 40 (S)-3-[(4H-Benzo[4,5]imidazo[1,2- 367.1 1 LC11 1.17 b]pyrazole-2-carbonyl)-amino]-3-(2- fluoro-phenyl)-propionic acid 41 (S)-3-[(4H-Benzo[4,5]imidazo[1,2- 349.13 0.99 LC11 1.23 b]pyrazole-2-carbonyl)-amino]-3- phenyl-propionic acid 42 (R)-3-[(4H-Benzo[4,5]imidazo[1,2- 363.02 1.03 LC11 b]pyrazole-2-carbonyl)-amino]-3-p- tolyl-propionic acid 43 3-[(4H-Benzo[4,5]imidazo[1,2- 301.12 0.93 LC11 5.18 b]pyrazole-2-carbonyl)-amino]-3- methyl-butyric acid 44 (R)-3-[(4H-Benzo[4,5]imidazo[1,2- 315.13 0.97 LC11 b]pyrazole-2-carbonyl)-amino]-4- methyl-pentanoic acid 45 (S)-1-(4H-Benzo[4,5]imidazo[1,2- 313.1 0.88 LC11 b]pyrazole-2-carbonyl)-piperidine-3- carboxylic acid 46 (S)-3-[(4H-Benzo[4,5]imidazo[1,2- 363.14 1.02 LC11 b]pyrazole-2-carbonyl)-amino]-4- phenyl-butyric acid 47 (R)-3-[(4H-Benzo[4,5]imidazo[1,2- 363.11 1.02 LC11 b]pyrazole-2-carbonyl)-amino]-3-o- tolyl-propionic acid 48 (S)-3-[(4H-Benzo[4,5]imidazo[1,2- 329.13 1.02 LC11 b]pyrazole-2-carbonyl)-amino]-5- methyl-hexanoic acid 49 (S)-3-[(4H-Benzo[4,5]imidazo[1,2- 383.05 1.02 LC11 0.392 b]pyrazole-2-carbonyl)-amino]-3-(2- chloro-phenyl)-propionic acid 50 (S)-3-{[5-(Cyclopropylmethyl-amino)-1- 419.34 1.26 LC11 0.049 phenyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonyl]- amino}-3-o-tolyl-propionic acid 51 (S)-3-{[5-(Bis-cyclopropylmethyl- 473.43 1.38 LC11 0.524 amino)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-3- carbonyl]-amino}-3-o-tolyl-propionic acid 52 (S)-3-{[5-(2,2-Dimethyl- 449.21 1.22 LC11 0.0286 propionylamino)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole- 3-carbonyl]-amino}-3-o-tolyl-propionic acid 53 (S)-3-(2,4-Dichloro-phenyl)-3-{[5-(2,2- 503.11 1.26 LC11 0.0271 dimethyl-propionylamino)-1-phenyl-1H- pyrazole-3-carbonyl]-amino}-propionic acid 54 (S)-3-(2-Chloro-phenyl)-3-{[5-(2,2- 469.16 1.22 LC11 0.0313 dimethyl-propionylamino)-1-phenyl-1H- pyrazole-3-carbonyl]-amino}-propionic acid 55 (S)-3-({5-[(2,2-Dimethyl-propionyl)- 463.22 1.26 LC11 0.0175 methyl-amino]-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-3- carbonyl}-amino)-3-o-tolyl-propionic acid 56 (S)-3-{[5-(3,3-Dimethyl-2-oxo- 463.26 1.29 LC11 0.0161 butylamino)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-3- carbonyl]-amino}-3-o-tolyl-propionic acid 57 (S)-3-{[5-(2-Hydroxy-3,3-dimethyl- 465.31 1.26 LC11 0.0121 butylamino)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-3- carbonyl]-amino}-3-o-tolyl-propionic acid 58 (S)-3-{[5-(2-Hydroxy-2.3,3-trimethyl- 479.28 1.28 LC11 0.0385 butylamino)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-3- carbonyl]-amino}-3-o-tolyl-propionic acid 59 (S)-3-{[5-((R)-2-Hydroxy-3,3-dimethyl- 465.27 1.26 LC11 0.0249 butylamino)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-3- carbonyl]-amino}-3-o-tolyl-propionic acid 60 (S)-3-{[5-((S)-2-Hydroxy-3,3-dimethyl- 465.27 1.26 LC11 0.0113 butylamino)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-3- carbonyl]-amino}-3-o-tolyl-propionic acid 61 (S)-3-({5-[(5-Methyl-furan-2-carbonyl)- 471.31 1.2 LC11 0.0626 amino]-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-3- carbonyl}-amino)-3-o-tolyl-propionic acid 62 (S)-3-(2,4-Dichloro-phenyl)-3-({5-[(5- 525.26 1.25 LC11 0.175 methyl-furan-2-carbonyl)-amino]-1- phenyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonyl}- amino)-propionic acid 63 (S)-3-{[5-(Benzoyl-methyl-amino)-1- 481.36 1.23 LC11 0.0572 phenyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonyl]- amino}-3-o-tolyl-propionic acid 64 (S)-3-{[5-(Benzoyl-methyl-amino)-1- 537.22 1.28 LC11 0.0647 phenyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonyl]- amino}-3-(2,4-dichloro-phenyl)- propionic acid 65 (S)-3-({5-[(2-Hydroxy-3,3-dimethyl- 479.26 1.3 LC11 0.0783 butyl)-methyl-amino]-1-phenyl-1H- pyrazole-3-carbonyl}-amino)-3-o-tolyl- propionic acid 66 (S)-3-[(5-Benzoylamino-1-phenyl-1H- 469.29 1.21 LC11 0.0301 pyrazole-3-carbonyl)-amino]-3-o-tolyl- propionic acid 67 (S)-3-[(5-Benzoylamino-1-phenyl-1H- 523.07 1.26 LC11 0.106 pyrazole-3-carbonyl)-amino]-3-(2,4- dichloro-phenyl)-propionic acid 68 (S)-3-({5-[2-((1R,2S,5R)-2-Isopropyl-5- 561.31 1.43 LC11 1.78 methyl-cyclohexyloxy)-acetylamino]-1- phenyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonyl}- amino)-3-o-tolyl-propionic acid 69 (S)-3-[(5-Diphenylacetylamino-1- 559.21 1.33 LC11 0.125 phenyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonyl)- amino]-3-o-tolyl-propionic acid 70 (S)-3-{[5-(Benzoyl-methyl-amino)-1- 503.25 1.23 LC11 0.0057 phenyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonyl]- amino}-3-(2-chloro-phenyl)-propionic acid 71 (S)-3-{[5-(Benzoyl-methyl-amino)-1- 503.25 1.24 LC11 0.0567 phenyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonyl]- amino}-3-(3-chloro-phenyl)-propionic acid 72 (S)-3-{[5-(Benzoyl-methyl-amino)-1- 483.33 1.23 LC11 0.102 phenyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonyl]- amino}-3-p-tolyl-propionic acid 73 3-[(5-Benzoylamino-1-phenyl-1H- 433.4 1.21 LC11 pyrazole-3-carbonyl)-amino]-5-methyl- hexanoic acid 74 3-[(5-Benzoylamino-1-phenyl-1H- 461.31 1.25 LC11 0.0786 pyrazole-3-carbonyl)-amino]-3- cyclohexyl-propionic acid 75 3-[(5-Benzoylamino-1-phenyl-1H- 467.5 1.21 LC11 0.37 pyrazole-3-carbonyl)-amino]-4-phenyl- butyric acid 76 (S)-3-[(5-Benzoylamino-1-phenyl-1H- 433.48 1.21 LC11 22 pyrazole-3-carbonyl)-amino]-5-methyl- hexanoic acid 77 {1-[(5-Benzoylamino-1-phenyl-1H- 433.24 1.19 LC11 0.0734 pyrazole-3-carbonyl)-amino]- cyclopentyl}-acetic acid 78 (S)-3-[(5-Benzoylamino-1-phenyl-1H- 473.21 1.2 LC11 0.0341 pyrazole-3-carbonyl)-amino]-3-(4- fluoro-phenyl)-propionic acid 79 (S)-3-[(5-Benzoylamino-1-phenyl-1H- 483.29 1.25 LC11 0.1077 pyrazole-3-carbonyl)-amino]-3-(2,4- dimethyl-phenyl)-propionic acid 80 (S)-3-[(5-Benzoylamino-1-phenyl-1H- 469.25 1.22 LC11 pyrazole-3-carbonyl)-amino]-3-p-tolyl- propionic acid 81 (S)-3-[(5-Benzoylamino-1-phenyl-1H- 489.23 1.21 LC11 pyrazole-3-carbonyl)-amino]-3-(2- chloro-phenyl)-propionic acid 82 3-[(5-Benzoylamino-1-phenyl-1H- 455.24 1.18 LC11 4.87 pyrazole-3-carbonyl)-amino]-2-phenyl- propionic acid 83 (S)-3-[(5-Benzoylamino-1-phenyl-1H- 473.23 1.2 LC11 0.147 pyrazole-3-carbonyl)-amino]-3-(2- fluoro-phenyl)-propionic acid 84 (S)-3-[(5-Benzoylamino-1-phenyl-1H- 523.29 1.23 LC11 0.386 pyrazole-3-carbonyl)-amino]-3-(2- trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-propionic acid 85 (S)-3-[(5-Ethylamino-1-phenyl-1H- 0.0802 pyrazole-3-carbonyl)-amino]-3-o-tolyl- propionic acid 86 (3R,4S)-1-(5-Benzoylamino-1-phenyl- 1H-pyrazole-3-carbonyl)-4-phenyl- pyrrolidine-3-carboxylic acid 87 (3R,4S)-4-Phenyl-1-(1-phenyl-5- phenylacetylamino-1H-pyrazole-3- carbonyl)-pyrrolidine-3-carboxylic acid 88 (3S,4R)-4-Phenyl-1-(1-phenyl-5- phenylacetylamino-1H-pyrazole-3- carbonyl)-pyrrolidine-3-carboxylic acid (1) Mass spectroscopic characterization; observed mass number of the ion [(M+H)⁺], unless specified otherwise (2) Cathepsin A inhibitory activity determined in the pharmacological test “Cathepsin A inhibitory activity” described below.

Pharmacological Tests

a) Cathepsin a Inhibitory Activity

Recombinant human cathepsin A (residues 29-480, with a C-terminal 10-His tag; R&D Systems, #1049-SE) was proteolytically activated with recombinant human cathepsin L (R&D Systems, #952-CY). Briefly, cathepsin A was incubated at 10 μg/ml with cathepsin L at 1 μg/ml in activation buffer (25 mM 2-(morpholin-4-yl)-ethanesulfonic acid (MES), pH 6.0, containing 5 mM dithiothreitol (DTT)) for 15 min at 37° C. Cathepsin L activity was then stopped by the addition of the cysteine protease inhibitor E-64 (N-(trans-epoxysuccinyl)-L-leucine-4-guanidinobutylamide; Sigma-Aldrich, #E3132; dissolved in activation buffer/DMSO) to a final concentration of 10 μM.

The activated cathepsin A was diluted in assay buffer (25 mM MES, pH 5.5, containing 5 mM DTT) and mixed with the test compound (dissolved in assay buffer containing (v/v) 3% DMSO) or, in the control experiments, with the vehicle in a multiple assay plate. After incubation for 15 min at room temperature, as substrate then bradykinin carrying an N-Terminal®Bodipy FL (4,4-difluoro-5,7-dimethyl-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene-3-propionyl) label (JPT Peptide Technologies GmbH; dissolved in assay buffer) was added to the mixture. The final concentration of cathepsin A was 833 ng/ml and the final concentration of labeled bradykinin 2 μM. After incubation for 15 min at room temperature the reaction was stopped by the addition of stop buffer (130 mM 2-(4-(2-hydroxy-ethyl)-piperazin-1-yl)-ethanesulfonic acid, pH 7.4, containing (v/v) 0.013%®Triton X-100, 0.13% Coating Reagent 3 (Caliper Life Sciences), 6.5% DMSO and 20 μM ebelactone B (Sigma, #E0886)).

Uncleaved substrate and product were then separated by a microfluidic capillary electrophoresis on a LabChip® 3000 Drug Discovery System (12-Sipper-Chip; Caliper Life Sciences) and quantified by determination of the respective peak areas. Substrate turnover was calculated by dividing product peak area by the sum of substrate and product peak areas, and the enzyme activity and the inhibitory effect of the test compound thus quantified. From the percentage of inhibition of cathepsin A activity observed with the test compound at several concentrations, the inhibitory concentration IC₅₀, i.e. the concentration which effects 50% inhibition of enzyme activity was, calculated. IC₅₀ values of various example compounds are given in Table 1 in μM.

B) In Vivo Antihypertrophic and Renoprotective Activity

The in vivo pharmacological activity of the compounds of the invention can be investigated, for example, in the model of DOCA-salt sensitive rats with unilateral nephrectomy. Briefly, in this model unilateral nephrectomy of the left kidney (UNX) is performed on Sprague Dawley rats of 150 g to 200 g of body weight. After the operation as well as at the beginning of each of the following weeks 30 mg/kg of body weight of DOCA (desoxycorticosterone acetate) are administered to the rats by subcutaneous injection. The nephrectomized rats treated with DOCA are supplied with drinking water containing 1% of sodium chloride (UNX/DOCA rats). The UNX/DOCA rats develop high blood pressure, endothelial dysfunction, myocardial hypertrophy and fibrosis as well as renal dysfunction. In the test group (UNX/DOCA Test) and the placebo group (UNX/DOCA Placebo), which consist of randomized UNX/DOCA rats, the rats are treated orally by gavage in two part administrations at 6 a.m. and 6 p.m. with the daily dose of the test compound (for example 10 mg/kg of body weight dissolved in vehicle) or with vehicle only, respectively. In a control group (control), which consists of animals which have not been subjected to UNX and DOCA administration, the animals receive normal drinking water and are treated with vehicle only. After five weeks of treatment, systolic blood pressure (SBP) and heart rate (HR) are measured non-invasively via the tail cuff method. For determination of albuminuria and creatinine, 24 h urine is collected on metabolic cages. Endothelial function is assessed in excised rings of the thoracic aorta as described previously (W. Linz et al., JRAAS (Journal of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system) 7 (2006), 155-161). As a measure of myocardial hypertrophy and fibrosis, heart weight, left ventricular weight and the relation of hydroxyproline and proline are determined in excised hearts. 

The invention claimed is:
 1. A compound of the formula I, in any of its stereoisomeric forms or a mixture of stereoisomeric forms in any ratio, or a physiologically acceptable salt thereof, or a physiologically acceptable solvate of any of them,

wherein A is C(R¹); D is N(R²); E is N; G is chosen from the series consisting of R⁷¹—O—C(O)—, R⁷²—N(R⁷³)—C(O)—, NC— and tetrazol-5-yl; R¹ is chosen from the series consisting of hydrogen, halogen, (C₁-C₆)-alkyl, Ar, HO—, (C₁-C₆)-alkyl-O—, (C₁-C₆)-alkyl-S(O)_(m)— and NC—; R² is chosen from the series consisting of (C₁-C₇)-alkyl, (C₃-C₇)-cycloalkyl-C_(s)H_(2s)— and Ar—C_(s)H_(2s)—, wherein s is an integer chosen from the series consisting of 0, 1, 2 and 3; or R² and R¹¹ together are —C(R¹⁸)═C(R¹⁹)—; R³ is chosen from the series consisting of hydrogen, halogen, (C₁-C₆)-alkyl, (C₁-C₆)-alkyl-O—, (C₁-C₆)-alkyl-S(O)_(m)— and NC—; R¹⁰ is chosen from the series consisting of R¹¹, R¹²—N(R¹³)—C(O)— and Het²-C(O)—, R¹⁴—C(O)— and (C₁-C₄)-alkyl-S(O)_(m)—; R¹¹ is chosen from the series consisting of hydrogen, R¹⁴, (C₃-C₇)-cycloalkyl, Ar and Het³; or R¹⁰ and R¹¹ form Het²; R¹² and R¹³ are independently of each other chosen from the series consisting of hydrogen, R¹⁵ and Ar; R¹⁴ is (C₁-C₁₀)-alkyl which is optionally substituted by one or more identical or different substituents chosen from the series consisting of halogen, HO—, R¹⁶—O—, R¹⁷—O—, oxo, (C₃-C₇)-cycloalkyl, Ar, Het¹, Het³, NC—, H₂N—C(O)—, (C₁-C₄)-alkyl-NH—C(O)—, di((C₁-C₄)-alkyl)N—C(O)—, Het¹-C(O)—, (C₁-C₄)-alkyl-C(O)—NH— and (C₁-C₄)-alkyl-S(O)_(m)—; R¹⁵ is (C₁-C₆)-alkyl which is optionally substituted by one or more identical or different substituents chosen from the series consisting halogen, HO— and (C₁-C₆)-alkyl-O—; R¹⁶ is (C₁-C₆)-alkyl which is optionally substituted by one or more identical or different substituents chosen from the series consisting of HO—, (C₁-C₄)-alkyl-O— and NC—; R¹⁷ is (C₃-C₇)-cycloalkyl-C_(u)H_(2u)— which is optionally substituted by one or more identical or different substituents chosen from the series consisting halogen, (C₁-C₆)-alkyl, HO— and (C₁-C₆)-alkyl-O—, wherein u is an integer chosen from the series consisting of 0, 1, 2 and 3; R¹⁸ is chosen from the series of hydrogen, halogen, (C₁-C₆)-alkyl, HO— and (C₁-C₆)-alkyl-O—; R¹⁹ is chosen from the series of hydrogen, halogen, (C₁-C₆)-alkyl, HO— and (C₁-C₆)-alkyl-O—; or R¹⁸ and R¹⁹ together are chosen from the series of —(CH₂)—(CH₂)—(CH₂)—, —(CH₂)—(CH₂)—(CH₂)—(CH₂)—, —(CH₂)—(CH)═(CH)— and —(CH)═(CH)—(CH)═(CH)—; R³⁰ is chosen from the series consisting of R³¹, (C₃-C₇)-cycloalkyl, R³²—C_(u)H_(2u)— and Het³-C_(u)H_(2u)—, wherein u is an integer chosen from the series consisting of 0, 1, 2 and 3; R³¹ is (C₁-C₁₀)-alkyl which is optionally substituted by one or more identical or different substituents chosen from the series consisting of halogen, (C₃-C₇)-cycloalkyl, HO—, (C₁-C₆)-alkyl-O—, (C₁-C₆)-alkyl-S(O)_(m)— and NC—; R³² is chosen from the series consisting of phenyl and an aromatic 5-membered or 6-membered monocyclic heterocycle which comprises one, two or three identical or different ring heteroatoms chosen from the series consisting of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur and is bonded via a ring carbon atom, wherein the phenyl and the heterocycle all are optionally substituted by one or more identical or different substituents chosen from the series consisting of halogen, (C₁-C₆)-alkyl, (C₃-C₇)-cycloalkyl, R³³, HO—, (C₁-C₆)-alkyl-O—, R³³—O—, R³³—(C₁-C₄)-alkyl-O—, —O—CH₂—O—, —O—CF₂—O—, (C₁-C₆)-alkyl-S(O)_(m)—, H₂N—S(O)₂—, (C₁-C₄)-alkyl-NH—S(O)₂—, di((C₁-C₄)-alkyl)N—S(O)₂—, H₂N—, (C₁-C₆)-alkyl-NH—, di((C₁-C₆)-alkyl)N—, Het¹, (C₁-C₄)-alkyl-C(O)—NH—, Ar—C(O)—NH—, (C₁-C₄)-alkyl-S(O)₂—NH— and NC—; R³³ is chosen from the series consisting of phenyl and an aromatic 5-membered or 6-membered monocyclic heterocycle which comprises one, two or three identical or different ring heteroatoms chosen from the series consisting of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur and is bonded via a ring carbon atom, wherein the phenyl and the heterocycle all are optionally substituted by one or more identical or different substituents chosen from the series consisting of halogen, (C₁-C₆)-alkyl, (C₃-C₇)-cycloalkyl, HO—, (C₁-C₆)-alkyl-O—, (C₁-C₆)-alkyl-S(O)_(m)—, H₂N—S(O)₂—, (C₁-C₄)-alkyl-NH—S(O)₂—, di((C₁-C₄)-alkyl)N—S(O)₂— and NC—; R⁴⁰ is chosen from the series consisting of hydrogen and (C₁-C₄)-alkyl; or R³⁰ and R⁴⁰ together are (CH₂)_(x) which is optionally substituted by one or more identical or different (C₁-C₄)-alkyl substituents, wherein x is an integer chosen from the series consisting of 2, 3, 4 and 5; R⁵⁰ is chosen from the series consisting of hydrogen, (C₁-C₆)-alkyl, HO— and (C₁-C₆)-alkyl-O—; R⁶⁰ is chosen from the series consisting of hydrogen and (C₁-C₆)-alkyl; or R⁵⁰ and R⁶⁰ together are (CH₂)_(y) which is optionally substituted by one or more identical or different (C₁-C₄)-alkyl substituents, wherein y is an integer chosen from the series consisting of 2, 3, 4 and 5; or R³⁰ and R⁵⁰ together are (CH₂)_(z) which is optionally substituted by one or more identical or different (C₁-C₄)-alkyl substituents, wherein z is an integer chosen from the series consisting of 2, 3, 4 and 5; R⁷¹ is chosen from the series consisting of hydrogen and (C₁-C₈)-alkyl which is optionally substituted by one or more identical or different substituents chosen from the series consisting (C₁-C₆)-alkyl-O— and (C₁-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)—O—; R⁷² is chosen from the series consisting of hydrogen, (C₁-C₆)-alkyl, (C₃-C₆)-cycloalkyl, —CH₂—(CH₂)_(b)—(C₃-C₆)-cycloalkyl, Het⁴ and —(CH₂)_(b)-Het⁴, where alkyl or cycloalkyl is optionally substituted by one or more identical or different substituents chosen from the series consisting of halogen, HO—, HOOC—, (C₁-C₆)-alkyl-O— and (C₁-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)—O—, NC—, N((C₁-C₄)-alkyl)₂ and b is 0, 1 or 2; R⁷³ is chosen from the series consisting of hydrogen, (C₁-C₆)-alkyl; or R⁷² and R⁷³ together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bonded form a saturated 4-membered to 7-membered monocyclic heterocycle, which contain optionally one further ring heteroatom chosen from the series consisting of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur, which is optionally substituted by one or more identical or different substituents chosen from the series consisting of halogen, (C₁-C₄)-alkyl, HO— and (C₁-C₄)-alkyl-O—; Ar, independently of each other group Ar, is chosen from the series consisting of phenyl and an aromatic 5-membered or 6-membered monocyclic heterocycle which comprises one, two or three identical or different ring heteroatoms chosen from the series consisting of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur and is bonded via a ring carbon atom, wherein the phenyl and the heterocycle all are optionally substituted by one or more identical or different substituents chosen from the series consisting of halogen, (C₁-C₆)-alkyl, (C₁-C₆)-alkyl-O—, —O—CH₂—O—, —O—CF₂—O—, (C₁-C₆)-alkyl-S(O)_(m)—, H₂N—S(O)₂— and NC—; Het¹, independently of each other group Het¹, is a saturated or unsaturated 4-membered to 8-membered monocyclic heterocycle which comprises a ring nitrogen atom via which Het¹ is bonded and optionally one or two identical or different further ring heteroatoms chosen from the series consisting of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur, which is optionally substituted by one or more identical or different substituents chosen from the series consisting of halogen, (C₁-C₄)-alkyl, HO—, (C₁-C₄)-alkyl-O—, oxo and NC—; Het² is a saturated 4-membered to 7-membered monocyclic heterocycle which comprises a ring nitrogen atom via which Het² is bonded and optionally one further ring heteroatom chosen from the series consisting of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur, which is optionally substituted by one or more identical or different substituents chosen from the series consisting of halogen, (C₁-C₄)-alkyl, HO—, oxo and (C₁-C₄)-alkyl-O—; Het³, independently of each other group Het³, is a saturated 4-membered to 7-membered monocyclic heterocycle which comprises one or two identical or different ring heteroatoms chosen from the series consisting of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur and is bonded via a ring carbon atom, which is optionally substituted by one or more identical or different substituents chosen from the series consisting of fluorine, (C₁-C₄)-alkyl and oxo; Het⁴, independently of each other group Het⁴, is a saturated or unsaturated 4-membered to 8-membered monocyclic heterocycle which comprises one to four ring heteroatoms chosen from the series consisting of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur which is optionally substituted by one or more identical or different substituents chosen from the series consisting of halogen, (C₁-C₄)-alkyl, HO—, (C₁-C₄)-alkyl-O—, oxo and NC—; m, independently of each other number m, is an integer chosen from the series consisting of 0, 1 and 2; wherein all cycloalkyl groups, independently of each other, are optionally substituted by one or more identical or different substituents chosen from the series consisting of fluorine and (C₁-C₄)-alkyl; wherein all alkyl, C_(s)H_(2s), C_(u)H_(2u), (CH₂)_(x) and (CH₂)_(y) groups, independently of each other, and independently of any other substituents, are optionally substituted by one or more fluorine substituents.
 2. A compound of the formula I, in any of its stereoisomeric forms or a mixture of stereoisomeric forms in any ratio, or a physiologically acceptable salt thereof, or a physiologically acceptable solvate of any of them, as claimed in claim 1, wherein G is R⁷¹—O—C(O)— and R⁷²—N(R⁷³)—C(O)—; R⁷¹ is chosen from the series consisting of hydrogen and (C₁-C₈)-alkyl; R⁷² is chosen from the series consisting of hydrogen, (C₁-C₆)-alkyl; R⁷³ is chosen from the series consisting of hydrogen, (C₁-C₆)-alkyl.
 3. A compound of the formula I, in any of its stereoisomeric forms or a mixture of stereoisomeric forms in any ratio, or a physiologically acceptable salt thereof, or a physiologically acceptable solvate of any of them, as claimed in claim 1, wherein R⁵⁰ is hydrogen; R⁶⁰ is hydrogen.
 4. A compound of the formula I, in any of its stereoisomeric forms or a mixture of stereoisomeric forms in any ratio, or a physiologically acceptable salt thereof, or a physiologically acceptable solvate of any of them, as claimed in claim 1, wherein R¹ is chosen from the series consisting of hydrogen, halogen and (C₁-C₄)-alkyl; R² is Ar—C_(s)H_(2s)—, wherein s is an integer chosen from the series consisting of 0 and
 1. 5. A compound of the formula I, in any of its stereoisomeric forms or a mixture of stereoisomeric forms in any ratio, or a physiologically acceptable salt thereof, or a physiologically acceptable solvate of any of them, as claimed in claim 1, wherein R³⁰ is R³²—C_(u)H_(2u)—, wherein u is an integer chosen from the series consisting of 0 and 1; R³² is chosen from the series consisting of phenyl and an aromatic 5-membered or 6-membered monocyclic heterocycle which comprises one, two or three identical or different ring heteroatoms chosen from the series consisting of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur and is bonded via a ring carbon atom, wherein the phenyl and the heterocycle all are optionally substituted by one or more identical or different substituents chosen from the series consisting of halogen, (C₁-C₆)-alkyl, (C₃-C₇)-cycloalkyl, R³³, HO—, (C₁-C₆)-alkyl-O—, R³³—O—, R³³—(C₁-C₄)-alkyl-O—, —O—CH₂—O—, —O—CF₂—O—, (C₁-C₆)-alkyl-S(O)_(m)—, H₂N—S(O)₂—, (C₁-C₄)-alkyl-NH—S(O)₂—, di((C₁-C₄)-alkyl)N—S(O)₂—, H₂N—, (C₁-C₆)-alkyl-NH—, di((C₁-C₆)-alkyl)N—, Het¹, (C₁-C₄)-alkyl-C(O)—NH—, Ar—C(O)—NH—, (C₁-C₄)-alkyl-S(O)₂—NH— and NC—; R³³ is chosen from the series consisting of phenyl and an aromatic 5-membered or 6-membered monocyclic heterocycle which comprises one, two or three identical or different ring heteroatoms chosen from the series consisting of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur and is bonded via a ring carbon atom, wherein the phenyl and the heterocycle all are optionally substituted by one or more identical or different substituents chosen from the series consisting of halogen, (C₁-C₆)-alkyl, (C₃-C₇)-cycloalkyl, HO—, (C₁-C₆)-alkyl-O—, (C₁-C₆)-alkyl-S(O)_(m)—, H₂N—S(O)₂—, (C₁-C₄)-alkyl-NH—S(O)₂—, di((C₁-C₄)-alkyl)N—S(O)₂— and NC—; R⁴⁰ is hydrogen.
 6. A compound of the formula I, in any of its stereoisomeric forms or a mixture of stereoisomeric forms in any ratio, or a physiologically acceptable salt thereof, or a physiologically acceptable solvate of any of them, as claimed in claim 1, wherein R² is Ar—C_(s)H_(2s)—, wherein s is an integer 0; R³⁰ is R³²—C_(u)H_(2u)— wherein u is an integer 0; R⁴⁰ is hydrogen.
 7. A compound of the formula I, in any of its stereoisomeric forms or a mixture of stereoisomeric forms in any ratio, or a physiologically acceptable salt thereof, or a physiologically acceptable solvate of any of them, as claimed in claim 1, wherein R¹ is chosen from the series consisting of hydrogen, halogen and (C₁-C₄)-alkyl; R² and R¹¹ together are —C(R¹⁸)═C(R¹⁹)—; R¹⁸ and R¹⁹ together are —(CH)═(CH)—(CH)═(CH)—.
 8. A compound, chosen from (S)-3-{[5-(Benzoyl-methyl-amino)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonyl]-amino}-3-(2-chloro-phenyl)-propionic acid, (S)-3-{[5-(2-Hydroxy-3,3-dimethyl-butylamino)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonyl]-amino}-3-o-tolyl-propionic acid, (S)-3-[(5-Benzoylamino-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonyl)-amino]-3-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-propionic acid, (S)-3-{[5-(Benzoyl-methyl-amino)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonyl]-amino}-3-(3-chloro-phenyl)-propionic acid, (S)-3-{[5-(3,3-Dimethyl-2-oxo-butylamino)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonyl]-amino}-3-o-tolyl-propionic acid, (S)-3-{[5-Amino-1-(2-fluoro-phenyl)-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonyl]-amino}-3-o-tolyl-propionic acid, (S)-3-{[1-Phenyl-5-(3-phenyl-ureido)-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonyl]-amino}-3-o-tolyl-propionic acid, {1-[(5-Benzoylamino-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonyl)-amino]-cyclopentyl}-acetic acid, (S)-3-{[5-((S)-2-Hydroxy-3,3-dimethyl-butylamino)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonyl]-amino}-3-o-tolyl-propionic acid, (S)-3-[(1-Phenyl-5-pyrrolidin-1-yl-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonyl)-amino]-3-o-tolyl-propionic acid, (S)-3-({5-[(2,2-Dimethyl-propionyl)-methyl-amino]-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonyl}-amino)-3-o-tolyl-propionic acid, (S)-3-{[5-(1,1-Dioxo-1lambda6-isothiazolidin-2-yl)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonyl]-amino}-3-o-tolyl-propionic acid, (S)-3-[(5-Methanesulfonylamino-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonyl)-amino]-3-o-tolyl-propionic acid, (S)-3-(2,4-Dichloro-phenyl)-3-{[5-(2,2-dimethyl-propionylamino)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonyl]-amino}-propionic acid, 3-{[5-Amino-1-(2-fluoro-phenyl)-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonyl]-amino}-3-(4′-fluoro-biphenyl-4-yl)-propionic acid, (S)-3-{[5-Amino-4-cyano-1-(2-fluoro-phenyl)-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonyl]-amino}-3-o-tolyl-propionic acid, (S)-3-{[5-(2,2-Dimethyl-propionylamino)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonyl]-amino}-3-o-tolyl-propionic acid, 3-{[5-Amino-1-(2-fluoro-phenyl)-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonyl]-amino}-3-(4-pyridin-2-yl-phenyl)-propionic acid, (S)-3-{[1-(2-Fluoro-phenyl)-5-pyrrolidin-1-yl-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonyl]-amino}-3-o-tolyl-propionic acid, (S)-3-{[5-Amino-1-(2-fluoro-phenyl)-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonyl]-amino}-3-(2,3-dichloro-phenyl)-propionic acid, 3-[(5-Benzoylamino-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonyl)-amino]-3-cyclohexyl-propionic acid, (S)-3-[(5-Amino-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonyl)-amino]-3-o-tolyl-propionic acid, (S)-3-{[1-(2-Fluoro-phenyl)-5-(2-oxo-pyrrolidin-1-yl)-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonyl]-amino}-3-o-tolyl-propionic acid, (S)-3-{[1-Phenyl-5-(pyridin-2-ylamino)-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonyl]-amino}-3-o-tolyl-propionic acid, (S)-3-{[5-((R)-2-Hydroxy-3,3-dimethyl-butylamino)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonyl]-amino}-3-o-tolyl-propionic acid, (S)-3-[(4H-Benzo[4,5]imidazo[1,2-b]pyrazole-2-carbonyl)-amino]-3-o-tolyl-propionic acid, (S)-3-({5-[2-((1R,2S,5R)-2-Isopropyl-5-methyl-cyclohexyloxy)-acetylamino]-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonyl}-amino)-3-o-tolyl-propionic acid, (S)-3-{[5-(1,1-Dioxo-1lambda6-isothiazolidin-2-yl)-1-(2-fluoro-phenyl)-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonyl]-amino}-3-o-tolyl-propionic acid, (S)-3-{[5-(2-Hydroxy-2,3,3-trimethyl-butylamino)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonyl]-amino}-3-o-tolyl-propionic acid, (S)-3-({5-[(2-Hydroxy-3,3-dimethyl-butyl)-methyl-amino]-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonyl}-amino)-3-o-tolyl-propionic acid and (S)-3-{[5-(Benzoyl-methyl-amino)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonyl]-amino}-3-o-tolyl-propionic acid, or a physiologically acceptable salt thereof, or a physiologically acceptable solvate of any of them.
 9. A process for preparing the compound of the formula I or a physiologically acceptable salt thereof or a physiologically solvate of any of them as claimed in claim 1, comprising reacting a compound of the formula II with a compound of the formula III,

wherein the groups A, D, E, G, R¹⁰, R¹¹, R³⁰, R⁴⁰, R⁵⁰ and R⁶⁰ in the compounds of the formulae II and III are defined as in the compounds of the formula I and additionally functional groups can be present in protected form or in the form of a precursor group, and the group J in the compound of the formula II is HO—, (C₁-C₄)-alkyl-O— or halogen.
 10. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound of the formula I as claimed in claim 1 or a physiologically acceptable salt thereof or a physiologically acceptable solvate of any of them.
 11. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 10, further comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 